Composition & Essay Writing [ 89 ] Waste Management , Organ Donation

89 - ] Composition &Essay Writing 

Waste Management

                     Waste management is essential in today’s society. Due to an increase in population, the generation of waste is getting doubled day by day. Moreover, the increase in waste is affecting the lives of many people. For instance, people living in slums are very close to the waste disposal area. Therefore there are prone to various diseases. Hence, putting their lives in danger. In order to maintain a healthy life, proper hygiene and sanitation are necessary. Consequently, it is only possible with proper waste management.

                 Waste management is the managing of waste by disposal and recycling of it. Moreover, waste management needs proper techniques keeping in mind the environmental situations. For instance, there are various methods and techniques by which the waste is disposed of. Some of them are Landfills, Recycling, Composting, etc. Furthermore, these methods are much useful in disposing of the waste without causing any harm to the environment.

                                 1 - ] Recycling– Above all the most important method is the recycling of waste. This method does not need any resources. Therefore this is much useful in the management of waste. Recycling is the reusing of things that are scrapped of. Moreover, recycling is further converting waste into useful resources. 2 - ] Landfills is the most common method for waste management. The garbage gets buried in large pits in the ground and then covered by the layer of mud. As a result, the garbage gets decomposed inside the pits over the years. In conclusion, in this method elimination of the odor and area taken by the waste takes place. 3 - ] Composting– Composting is the converting of organic waste into fertilizers. This method increases the fertility of the soil. As a result, it is helpful in more growth in plants. Furthermore it the useful conversion of waste management that is benefiting the environment.

        There are various advantages of waste management. Some of them are :1 - ] Decrease bad odor– Waste produces a lot of bad odor which is harmful to the environment. Moreover, Bad odor is responsible for various diseases in children. As a result, it hampers their growth. So waste management eliminates all these problems in an efficient way. 2 - ] Reduces pollution– Waste is the major cause of environmental degradation. For instance, the waste from industries and households pollute our rivers. Therefore waste management is essential. So that the environment may not get polluted. Furthermore, it increases the hygiene of the city so that people may get a better environment to live in. 3 - ] Reduces the production of waste -Recycling of the products helps in reducing waste. Furthermore, it generates new products which are again useful. Moreover, recycling reduces the use of new products. So the companies will decrease their production rate. 4 - ] It generates employment– The waste management system needs workers. These workers can do various jobs from collecting to the disposing of waste. Therefore it creates opportunities for the people that do not have any job. Furthermore, this will help them in contributing to society. 5 - ] Produces Energy– Many waste products can be further used to produce energy. For instance, some products can generate heat by burning. Furthermore, some organic products are useful in fertilizers. Therefore it can increase the fertility of the soil.

Organ Donation

                          Organ donation is a process in which a person willingly donates an organ of his body to another person. Furthermore, it is the process of allowing the removal of one’s organ for its transplanting in another person. Moreover, organ donation can legally take place by the consent of the donor when he is alive. Also, organ donation can also take place by the assent of the next of kin of a dead person. There has been a significant increase in organ donations due to the advancement of medical science.

                   The need for organ donation in the United States is growing at a considerable rate. Furthermore, there has also been a significant rise in the number of organ donors in the United States. Most noteworthy, organ donation in the United States takes place only by the consent of the donor or their family. Nevertheless, plenty of organizations are pushing for opt-out organ donation.

Within the European Union, the regulation of organ donation takes place by the member states. Many European countries have some form of an opt-out system. The most prominent opt-out systems are in Austria, Spain, and Belgium. In England, no consent is presumed and organ donation is a voluntary process. Argentina is a country that has plenty of awareness regarding organ donation. Most noteworthy, the congress of Argentina introduced an opt-out organ donation policy. This means that every person over 18 years of age will be a donor unless they or their family state their negative. However, in 2018, another law was passed by congress. Under the new law, the family requirement was removed. Consequently, this means that the organ donor is the only person who can state their negative.

                   First of all, organ donation is very helpful for the grieving process. Furthermore, many donor families take relief and consolation due to organ donation. This is because they understand that their loved one has helped save the life of other people. Most noteworthy, a single donor can save up to eight lives. Organ donation can also improve the quality of life of many people. An eye transplant could mean the ability to see again for a blind person. Similarly, donating organs could mean removing the depression and pain of others. Most noteworthy, organ donation could also remove the dependency on costly routine treatments. Organ donation is significantly beneficial for medical science research. Donated organs offer an excellent tool for conducting scientific researches and experiments. Furthermore, many medical students can greatly benefit from these organs. Most noteworthy, beneficial medical discoveries could result due to organ donation. Organ donation would also contribute to the field of Biotechnology.

                    To sum it up, organ donation is a noble deed. Furthermore, it shows the contribution of an individual even after death. Most noteworthy, organ donation can save plenty of lives. Extensive awareness regarding organ donation must certainly be spread among the people.

 

Composition & Essay Writing [ 88] , Social Media , Harmful Effects of Junk Food

88 - ] Composition & Essay Writing 

Social Media

                              Social media is a tool that is becoming quite popular these days because of its user-friendly features. Social media platforms like Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and more are giving people a chance to connect with each other across distances. In other words, the whole world is at our fingertips all thanks to social media. The youth is especially one of the most dominant users of social media. All this makes you wonder that something so powerful and with such a massive reach cannot be all good. Like how there are always two sides to a coin, the same goes for social media. Subsequently, different people have different opinions on this debatable topic. So, in this essay on social media, we will see the advantages and disadvantages of social media.

                        When we look at the positive aspect of social media, we find numerous advantages. The most important being a great device for education. All the information one requires is just a click away. Students can educate themselves on various topics using social media. Moreover, live lectures are now possible because of social media. For example you can attend a lecture happening in America while sitting in any part of the world . As more and more people are distancing themselves from newspapers, they are depending on social media for news. You are always updated on the latest happenings of the world through it. A person becomes more socially aware of the issues of the world. In addition, it strengthens bonds with your loved ones. Distance is not a barrier anymore because of social media. For instance, you can easily communicate with your friends and relatives overseas. Most importantly, it also provides a great platform for young budding artists to showcase their talent for free. You can get great opportunities for employment through social media too. Another advantage definitely benefits companies who wish to promote their brands. Social media has become a hub for advertising and offers you great opportunities for connecting with the customer.

                   Despite having such unique advantages, social media is considered to be one of the most harmful elements of society. If the use of social media is not monitored, it can lead to grave consequences. It is harmful because it invades your privacy like never before. The oversharing happening on social media makes children a target for predators and hackers. It also leads to cyberbullying which affects any person significantly. Thus, the sharing on social media especially by children must be monitored at all times. Next up is the addition of social media which is quite common amongst the youth. This addiction hampers with the academic performance of a student as they waste their time on social media instead of studying. Social media also creates communal rifts. Fake news is spread with the use of it, which poisons the mind of peace-loving citizens.

         In short, surely social media has both advantages and disadvantages. But, it all depends on the user at the end. The youth must particularly create a balance between their academic performances, physical activities, and social media. Excess use of anything is harmful and the same thing applies to social media. Therefore, we must strive to live a satisfying life with the right balance.

Harmful Effects of Junk Food

                       Junk Food is very harmful that is slowly eating away the health of the present generation. The term itself denotes how dangerous it is for our bodies. Most importantly, it tastes so good that people consume it on a daily basis. However, not much awareness is spread about the harmful effects of junk food.

                The problem is more serious than you think. Various studies show that junk food impacts our health negatively. They contain higher levels of calories, fats, and sugar. On the contrary, they have very low amounts of healthy nutrients and lack dietary fibers. Parents must discourage their children from consuming junk food because of the ill effects it has on one’s health.

                         Junk food is the easiest way to gain unhealthy weight. The amount of fats and sugar in the food makes you gain weight rapidly. However, this is not a healthy weight. It is more of fats and cholesterol which will have a harmful impact on your health. Junk food is also one of the main reasons for the increase in obesity nowadays. This food only looks and tastes good, other than that, it has no positive points. The amount of calorie your body requires to stay fit is not fulfilled by this food. For instance, foods like French fries, burgers, candy, and cookies, all have high amounts of sugar and fats. Therefore, this can result in long-term illnesses like diabetes and high blood pressure. This may also result in kidney failure. Above all, you can get various nutritional deficiencies when you don’t consume the essential nutrients, vitamins, minerals and more. You become prone to cardiovascular diseases due to the consumption of bad cholesterol and fat plus sodium. In other words, all this interferes with the functioning of your heart. Furthermore, junk food contains a higher level of carbohydrates. It will instantly spike your blood sugar levels. This will result in lethargy, inactiveness, and sleepiness. A person reflex becomes dull overtime and they lead an inactive life. To make things worse, junk food also clogs your arteries and increases the risk of a heart attack. Therefore, it must be avoided at the first instance to save your life from becoming ruined.

                  The main problem with junk food is that people don’t realize its ill effects now. When the time comes, it is too late. Most importantly, the issue is that it does not impact you instantly. It works on your overtime; you will face the consequences sooner or later. Thus, it is better to stop now. You can avoid junk food by encouraging your children from an early age to eat green vegetables. Their taste buds must be developed as such that they find healthy food tasty. Moreover, try to mix things up. Do not serve the same green vegetable daily in the same style. Incorporate different types of healthy food in their diet following different recipes. This will help them to try foods at home rather than being attracted to junk food.

                      In short, do not deprive them completely of it as that will not help. Children will find one way or the other to have it. Make sure you give them junk food in limited quantities and at healthy periods of time.

 

Grammar Practice Exercises [ 29 ] Upper Intermediate

29 - ] Vocabulary Practice Exercises

Upper Intermediate

Participial Constructions

Past Participial Phrases .

1 - ] The past participle can sometimes replace subject + passive verb .

I often saw her at the theater . She was surrounded by her admirers .

I often saw her at the theater , surrounded by her admirers .

Although it was intended to be a nice surprise , the party was not what I wanted at all .

Although intended to be a nice surprise , the party was not what I wanted at all .

2 - ] Being + past participle following after , before , when , since , while , on , by .

After it was cleaned the bike looked as good as new .

After being cleaned , the bike looked as good as new .

The message got across to people because it was repeated over and over again .

The message got across to people by being repeated over and over again .

Rewrite the sentences below using a past participial phrase or being + past participial phrase .

Example

1 . I was exhausted through lack of sleep and fell asleep at my desk .

Exhausted through lack of sleep , I fell asleep at my desk .

2 . He was abandoned by his parents at an early age and took to stealing .

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3 . Although it was written many years ago , the book is still relevant today .

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4 . Since I was promoted , I’ve had no time to go out .

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5 . The boy was taken from his parents at an early age .He had a very difficult life .

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6 . The money was hidden in the cellar . It was not discovered for many years .

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7 . He was frequently criticized for his self-centered attitude but was nonetheless very popular .

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8 . After he was released from prison , Ali could not find a job anywhere .

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9 . The committee meetings , which were always dominated by the same people , were slow-moving and ineffectual .

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10 . When he was caught , he confessed everything . (On-------)

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11 . When it is seen from the outside , the building looks a mess , but it is lovely inside .

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12 . If we are elected , we will increase the value of pensions .

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13 . Although he was ridiculed by everybody , he continued to pursue his bizarre projects .

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14 . Unless it is destroyed , this material could have damaging consequences .

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15 . She had been shoplifting for many years before she was found out .

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Adverbial Clauses of Time , Place , Manner And Reason .

Adverbial clauses ,like adverbs , tell us sometimes about the verb and answer the questions When , Where , How , Why ? , etc.

Some of the most common conjunctions to introduce adverbial clauses .

1 - ] Time : when , after , before , as , as soon as , by the time (that) , once , since , until / till , wherever , while

2 - ] Place : where , wherever , anywhere , everywhere

3 - ] Manner : as , as if , as though

4 - ] Comparison : than , as --------as

5 - ] Reason : because , as , since

6 - ] Purpose : so that , in order that , in case

7 - ] Result : so --------- that , such a ---------- that

8 - ] Condition : if ,unless , provided / providing (that) , so / as long as

9 - ] Contrast : although / though / even though , while , whereas , however , ( + much / good / badly ) , whatever , whenever , wherever

Underline the adverbial clauses and complete them with an appropriate conjunction .In some sentences , more than one conjunction is possible .

Example

1 . I’m sorry I wasn’t here earlier but I came as soon as I could  .

2 . I’m staying in all weekend -------------------I can get my work done .

3 . He spoke to me ----------------it was all my fault .

4 . He didn’t react ---------------I’d hoped ; he was actually rather angry .

5 . Things are never ---------------------bad ----------------------you think they are .

6 . You are growing fast . You’re taller ---------------------your mother is now .

7 . He’d like to be an actor ------------------his father would like him to be a lawyer .

8 . She’s --------------------interested in her work .

9 . I’ll meet you ----------------------you like ; I don’t mind where it is .

10 . I won’t believe you ---------------------I’ve seen it for myself .

11 . She seems happy --------------------she can’t find a job .

12 . -------------------------I didn’t feel very well , we decided to leave early .

13 . The money was hidden ----------------------no-one could find it .

14 . I’ll come with you --------------------we don’t stay late . I need to be up early tomorrow .

15 . ----------------------------I like him , I sometimes find him very irritating .

2 - ] Put an appropriate conjunction before the adverbial clauses .

(1) Since the petrol-fueled internal combustion engine was first developed by the German engineers Benz and Daimler in 1885 , our lives have changed completely . (2) the damaging effects of the motor car are now well-recognized , the number of cars on the road continues to grow every year . In 1950 , there were fewer than 50 million cars in use around the world , but (3) ------------cars became more widely available and relatively cheaper , this number grew to 500 million by 1999 .

        We continue to drive cars (4) ----------------we know how dangerous they are in every respect .People seem to accept the higher number of deaths and injuries as a normal fact of life (5) ----------------smaller risks in other areas of life seem to generate more publicity and fear . We accept the awful risk (6) ------------it is somehow justifiable . (7) --------------any other activity carried with it such a risk , there would be a huge public reaction .

      And what of the pollution ? (8) ------------------research into car emissions started , it has become clearer and clearer how damaging the emissions are to health and the environment . Will we keep on driving our cars (9) -----------------much damage we do ? It seems that people are (10) ----------------attached to their cars that they won’t give them up for anything . To some people , their car is more important to them (11) ---------------anything else .

        One of the obvious answers to the problem is better public transport . (12) --------------

we could travel (13) ----------------we liked on cheap , comfortable public transport , we would be less inclined to use the car . People will not stop using their cars (14) ---------------

there is a good alternative . But we need to act now (15) -------------------it is too late . We must change our attitude and our priorities (16) ---------------future generations can live in a cleaner world .

Participial Phrases  

Write the following text changing clauses to participial phrases where possible.

Vincent Van Gogh , who was born in Holland in 1853 , is one of the world’s most famous painters . Although his talent was unrecognized throughout his life , it was much appreciated after his death .

     After he had failed in every career he had attempted , Van Gogh first turned to art to express his strong religious feelings . After he had decided to become a painter ,in about 1880 , he started to paint studies of peasants and miners . During the next few years , which are known as his ‘Dutch period’ , he produced paintings with rather greenish-brown colors.

     In 1886 , when he went to Paris to visit his brother Theo , he was immediately attracted to the Impressionist work he saw there . He decided to stay in Paris and continued his painting there . He was encouraged by Pissaro to use more color in his pictures and his subsequent paintings were bright and immensely colorful .

       After Van Gogh had moved to Arles in the south of France , in 1888 , he worked frantically . This frenzied activity , which was interrupted by bouts of deep depression and despair , produced the majority of his most famous paintings . One of these , which is called Self Portrait with Bandaged Ear , shows Van Gogh : he was wearing a bandage after he had cut off his own ear . A year later , in 1890 , he committed suicide .

     A lot is known about Van Gogh’s life and his feelings because of the hundreds of letters which were written by him to his brother Theo and others . Because his brother believed in Van Gogh’s genius , he always encouraged him in his work . He was the person closest to Van Gogh .

Example

Born in Holland in 1853 , Vincent Van Gogh one of the world’s most famous painters .      

Grammar Practice Exercises [ 28 ] Upper Intermediate

28 - ] Grammar Practice Exercises

Upper intermediate

Participial Constructions .

Present Participial Phrases

1 - ] After verbs

- Verbs of sensation ( see , hear , feel , smell , listen , notice , watch )

I saw her leaving the house very early this morning .

Bare infinitive . I saw her leave the house early this morning .

- catch , find ,leave

I caught him looking through my drawers .

- go , come , spend , waste time , be busy .

Would you like to come skiing with us ?

2 - ] In place of clauses

Participial phrases in place of clauses are quite formal and most often used in written language .

She led him through the crowd holding his hand .

I stayed at home watching television .

Seeing her on the other side of the road , I quickly tried to hide .

She turned on her computer and started work .

Turning on her computer , she started work . He told her not to eat it , explaining that there was a risk of food poisoning .

- In place of clauses of time ( after , before , since , while , on )

After I spoke to you , I felt much better .

After speaking / Having spoken to you , I felt much better .

When I first met him , I didn’t like him .

On first meeting him , I didn’t like him .

- In place of clauses of reason. ( As , Since , Because ,

As I was happy with my results , I decided to go out and celebrate .

Being happy with my results , I decided to go out and celebrate .

He’s lived here all his life , so he knows a lot about the town .

 Having lived here all his life , he knows a lot about the town .

I’d had an argument with him the night before so I didn’t want to see him .

Having had an argument with him the night before , I didn’t want to see him .

- In place of clauses of concession ( although , while )

While fully understanding your problem , I can’t allow you to break the rules .

- In place of defining subject relative clauses .

The woman who lives / is living next door works for a television company .

The woman living next door works for a television company .

Rewrite the sentences using a present participial or perfect participial phrase  

Example

1 . I smelt something . It was burning .

I smelt something burning .

2 . I went round to see her . I was hoping for a reconciliation .

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3 . While he hated the job , he did it for many years .

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4 . She came in . She looked furious .

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5 . I had plenty of time to spare so I had a good look round the town .

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6 . He was wearing only a pair of shorts . He walked out into the darkness .

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7 . I had been out all day so I was quite happy to stay in for the evening .

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8 . The bedrooms that overlook the sea are the best ones in the hotel .

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9 . We’re wasting time . We’re sitting here and doing nothing .

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10 . I have changed my job since I last wrote to you .

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11 . Before I make a decision , I need to discuss it with my partner .

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12 . We had been friends for twenty years and suddenly we had a big argument and haven’t seen each other since .

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13 . I had failed one of my exams so I couldn’t get into university .

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14 . Because he loved her so much , he forgave her for everything .

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15 . I left them . They were doing the washing-up .

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Grammar Practice Exercises [ 27 ] , Upper Intermediate

27 - ] Grammar Practice Exercises

Upper Intermediate 

Noun Clauses

A noun clause is sometimes called a that-clause . However , noun clauses do not always use that .

1 - ] Noun clause as object . Many verbs can be followed by a noun clause

Do you think (that ) she’ll come .

2-  ] Noun clause as subject .

That you hate him is obvious .

It + be / seem + adjective + noun clause

It is obvious (that) you hate him .

The fact that --------

The fact that you hate him is obvious .

3 - ] Noun clause after certain adjectives

Feelings [ pleased , sorry , happy , glad , delighted , upset , worried , concerned , surprised , grateful ]

Degrees of certainty [ sure , positive , convinced , doubtful ]

I’m concerned (that ) he won’t believe me .

Are you sure (that) he said that ?

4 -] Noun clause with question words .

I will never understand why he said that .

I looked at what they’d done .

What happened between us must remain a secret .

5 - ] Noun clauses with if / whether ( or not )

I don’t know if / whether he’s coming tonight .

Whether or not he’s coming tonight is still uncertain .

Join the sentences together using a noun clause . Make changes where necessary .

Examples

1 . He’s lying to you . I’m sure .

I’m sure that he’s lying to you .

2 . You did something . It is unforgivable .

What you did is unforgivable .

It is unforgivable what you did .

3 . She still holds on to the belief . He isn’t dead .

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4 . She hasn’t made a complaint . We must be grateful for that .

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5 . Some people are coming to the meeting . I don’t know how many .

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6. She didn’t lie to you about it . That suggestion is ridiculous .

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7.You’re going with him . I presume that .

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8 . Sabri’s coming round tonight . Have you forgotten that ?

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9 . She may have passed her exams . I don’t know .

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10 . He didn’t tell her the truth . She is very angry about that .

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11 . She may be good enough to do the job : she may not . It remains doubtful .

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12 . He has some emotional problems . That is quite apparent .

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13 . Where are we going to meet tonight ? Have you arranged that ?

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14 . How is she ? Do you know ?

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15 . They’re getting married . I’m delighted .

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Grammar Practice Exercises [ 26 ] Upper Intermediate

26 - ] Grammar Practice Exercises

Upper Intermediate 

15 - ] Sentence Structure

Simple sentence

1 - ] subject + verb

The sun is shining .

2 - ] subject + verb + complement

He is clever .

3 - ] subject + verb + direct object

I read this book .

4 - ] subject + verb + indirect object + direct object

My friend wrote me a lovely letter .

5 - ] subject + verb + object + complement .

They made him a famous star.

Compound Sentence

We can link simple sentences to form compound sentences in the following way .

1- ] Coordinating conjunction , sometimes preceded by a comma ( and , but , so , yet etc. ).

He is poor but his brother is rich .

2 - ] Semi-colon or colon .

I met Ahmad yesterday : ( ; ) he’s just come out of hospital .

3 - ] Semi-colon or colon followed by a connecting adverb ( however , finally , nevertheless , after all etc. ) .

He performed very well in the interview ; however , he didn’t get the job .

Complex Sentences

They have a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses or phrases . We can link the clauses by :

1- ] Relative clause .

Many poor people who do not work become depressed .

2 - ] Noun clauses .

I’ve always known that he liked football .

3 - ] Adverbial clauses .

Did you see him when he drove his car away .

4 - ] Infinitive or participial constructions .

To perform well , you need to practice well .

They ran out of the shelter calling for help.

Conjunctions

Common conjunctions are used

1- ] To link ( addition ) : and , both-----and , or , either------or , neither ---------nor , not only ----------but also

2 - ] To contrast : but , however , nevertheless , though / although / even though , in spite of , despite , whereas

3 - ] To express a reason or purpose : because , for , as , since , so that , in order that , lest .

4 - ] To express a sequence : so , thus , hence , therefore

5 - ] To make an additional point : besides , moreover , anyway

Join the sentences with a suitable conjunction . There may be more than one possible answer for each sentence

Example

1 . I went to bed early . I would be able to get up early .

I went to bed early so that I would be able to get up early .

I went to bed early in order that I would be able to get up early .

2 . It’s an excellent course . I’m very lucky to get a place on it .

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3 . I don’t really want to go to the cinema tonight . I can’t afford it .

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4 . There is very little that the company can do about this . It is not their responsibility .

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5 . I’ve known her for a long time . I don’t know much about her private life .

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6 . She’s extremely generous . Her husband is the exact opposite .

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7 . I didn’t say that . I didn’t even thin it .

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8 . The suspect is critically ill in hospital . We can’t interview him for the time being .

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9 . I like working here . The people are very friendly .

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10 . I could do the work tonight . I could get up early in the morning to do it .

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11 . In a way , I love the job . I hate it .

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12 . He looks a bit overweight . He is quite fit .

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13 . The economy has been in recession all year . Our sales have remained steady .

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14 . I’ve brought a photograph . You can see how beautiful the place is .

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15 . The government are getting worried . They’re losing popularity .

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16 . I had a terrible headache last night . I couldn’t go out .

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17 . My job is very interesting . It doesn’t pay very well .

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18 . You leave now . I’ll call the police .

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Grammar Practice Exercises [ 25 ] , Upper Intermediate

25 - ] Grammar Practice Exercises 

Upper Intermediate

14 - ] Reported Speech

Reported Statements

Rewrite the sentences in reported speech

Example

1 . ‘I’ll come and see you on Friday if that’s all right ,’ (She said)

She said ( that ) she would come and see us on Friday if that was all right .

2 . ‘The conference will be spending a considerable time discussing the world debt crisis .’

(The statement said)

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3 . ‘The shop’s closing in half an hour .’ (She explained)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4 . ‘He’s planning to set up his own business .’ (Karam tells me)

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5 . ‘We’re going to have to make quite a few cutbacks .’  (The managing director said)

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6 . ‘The police have been investigating new allegations of fraud .’ (A spokesperson said)

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7 . ‘When the project first started , there was a lot of interest in it ,’ (she explained)

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8 . ‘It’s pouring with rain down here .’ (She told me)

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9 . ‘I’ll have finished writing the report by the time you get there .’ (She promised me)

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10 . ‘My new computer has made a lot of difference to me.’ (She says)

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11 . ‘The 8.45 train from Aswan will be arriving in approximately five minutes .’ (The station announcer has just said)

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12 . ‘When we were setting up the organization , we had very little money .’ (They told me )

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13 . ‘The club lost quite a lot of money last month .’ (The treasurer told the meeting)

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14 . ‘It will be a very difficult time for all of us .’ (He agreed)

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15 . ‘You work too hard . You should take more time off .’ (He told me)

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Reported Questions

Write the following in reported speech

Example

1 . ‘Where do you think we should advertise ? ( He asked me )

He asked me where I thought we should advertise .

2 . ‘Are you going to audition for the play ?’ ( She asked me )

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3 . ‘Give me a ring if you need any help .’ ( She told me )

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4 . ‘How is Laila getting on ?’ ( She often asks me ------you -------------)

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5 . ‘Shall I ask her out for a meal ?’ ( He’s been wondering )

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6 . ‘Why did Masaud look so embarrassed when he saw Nadia ? ( He asked )

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7 . ‘Must we stay here all evening ?’ ( He asked )

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8 . ‘What are they doing about publicity for the event ?’ ( She wondered )

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9 . ‘Will you send me the report when it’s finished ?’ ( He asked me )

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10 . ‘What have you done with the student records ?’ ( She asked me )

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11 . ‘Do you think you could keep your voices down a bit ?’ ( She asked me )

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12 . ‘Where did you buy that hat /’ ( He wanted to know )

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13 . ‘Have you been eating properly ?’ ( The doctor asked me )

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14 . ‘Don’t make any noise during the performance .’ ( They asked us )

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15 . ‘Were you still teaching music when you met Omar ?’ ( Malek asked me )

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Verbs Used In Reporting

Many different verbs are used in reporting . They can help to summarize the original words. 

Examples

1 - ] ‘Would you like to come and stay for the weekend ?’

He invited us to stay for the weekend .

2 - ] ‘No , no , I don’t want your money . I’m definitely going to pay for the meal and that’s that .’

He insisted on paying for the meal .

Examples of verbs used in reporting

1 - ] to- infinitive

[ advise someone to - agree to - decide to - encourage someone to - invite someone to - offer to- promise to- refuse to - warn someone ( not to ) - remind someone to - persuade someone to ]

2 - ] verb + ing Gerund

[ accuse someone of - agree on / about - apologize for - complain about - insist on - recommend - suggest - warn against - advise someone against - dissuade someone from -

persuade someone against ]   

3 - ] verb + that clause

[ agree - complain - decide - insist - recommend - suggest (+ should) - announce - boast - claim - concede ]

Put the sentences into reported speech , summarizing what was said and using the following verbs .

[ decide - complain - accuse - advise - apologize - offer - persuade - remind - warn - refuse ]

Examples

1 . ‘I know you’ve got a lot of work to do at the moment . I’ll help you type up that report if you like ,’ he said .

He offered to help me type up the report .

2 . A : I don’t think you should hand in your resignation immediately . Give yourself more time to think about it .

B : OK . I suppose you’re right . I’ll leave it for a while then .

He persuaded me not to hand in my resignation immediately .

3 . ‘No , I’m not going to discuss it with you . I think it’s a waste of time ,’ he said .

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4 . ‘I really think I should have been invited to the meeting . I’m very unhappy about the fact that I wasn’t ,’ he said .

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5 . ‘You’ve been quite ill and you need to recover . I really think you should take it easy for a few days ,’ the doctor said .

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6 . ‘You must not go near their house again or there will be trouble ,’ the police said to him.

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7 . ‘After giving the matter some serious thought , we have now reached a final decision . We are going to close down the naval base in two years’ time ,’ said the Ministry of Defence.

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8 . ‘Someone’s been reading my diary . I know they have . I found it in the wrong drawer this morning . It was you ,wasn’t it ? ‘

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9 . ‘Remember that you’ve got to apply for a new passport . Yours is out of date now ,’ he said to me .

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10 . ‘I’m really sorry about all the trouble I’ve caused . I didn’t mean to ,’ she said .

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