346- ] English Literature
B. S. Johnson
No More Lying: a Primer
on the Novels of B.S. Johnson
EssaysColin Marshall July
16, 2010 |
1. No (easy) place to
turn
coverThere already exists
a book called Like a Fiery Elephant: The Story of B.S. Johnson. Painstakingly
written over a decade by esteemed novelist Jonathan Coe, it reconstructs and
examines the working and personal lives of this complex, troubled creator of
poetry, novels, stories, film, theater. Rich with detail and inventiveness, it
screams, whatever the subject’s remaining loose ends, “finality.”By its very
existence, it dares one — taunts one — to write a single further word about
Bryan Stanley Johnson.
Yet here we are. Even if
Coe’s book were the greatest literary biography ever written — and having just
finished it moments ago, I can assure you that it’s in the running — asking
somebody to tuck into a nearly 500-page tome about on a still-obscure English
experimentalist remains a tall order. Coe notes several times that Johnson
himself bristled at the E-word, feeling it not only marginalized his work but
missed its point besides. But for good or ill, it’s how history has anointed
him, and it’s the best concise description we have. Whether with form, content,
sensibility, or even printing processes, Johnson performed literary
experiments. The difference from so many others’ literary experiments?
Johnson’s usually succeeded.
While Like a Fiery
Elephant might be daunting in its scope, then, Johnson’s novels themselves
might be daunting in their unconventionality (not to mention the rarity and
consequently forbidding price of a few of them). Where, then, should a curious
reader stuck between this rock and this hard place turn? What will lessen the
confusion rather than worsen it? Leaving aside issues of avant-garde
importance, formal soil-tilling, and the man’s turbulent life/grim death, why
should the average novel-reader take on B.S. Johnson’s? In those questions lies
the the aim of this primer.
2. Against the
what-happened-next brigade
I myself came relatively
late to B.S. Johnson’s party. Nick Hornby gave his ill-fated colleague a
mention in one if the “Stuff I’ve Been Reading” columns he writes in the
Believer. The context was Hornby’s review of the aforementioned biography by
his other, seemingly less ill-fated brother in U.K. letters. I speak with some
confidence about Coe’s fate, because Like a Fiery Elephant alone has won
greater sales and accolades than his subject’s entire oeuvre put together.
There are thus more people, possibly many more, who have read about B.S.
Johnson than have read B.S. Johnson.
Count no less a man of
letters than Hornby in that group. He admitted that, while gripped by Johnson’s
story, he’d never felt the compulsion to actually read his books. Johnson
himself would perhaps have taken perverse pleasure in this, since it clusters
him with two of his idols, James Joyce and Samuel Beckett. All three seem to
draw more engagement on the meta level than the regular one, though the earlier
men attained the popularity that Johnson, increasingly embittered through his
short career, felt he was denied.
More to the point, Joyce,
Beckett and Johnson all tried to move the novel forward, to shove it out of the
19th-century ditch its spinning wheels seemed only to dig deeper. Johnson was
particularly outspoken about this, in his prime evidently never having missed an
opportunity to condemn the dull complacency of his English contemporaries. To
tell a story, he thought (and often said), was to tell a lie, to futilely
pretend away the chaos of modern existence and pander to humanity’s base,
vulgar desire to find out what happened next. He thought the author’s personal
experience the only “honest” material for novels, material he believed would
dictate its own most suitable form.
Though they get
conflated, Johnson’s novelistic Weltanschauung has two planks. The first is
that the novelistic form has ossified, thus preventing closer alignment with
substance. The second is that fiction is by its very nature dishonest, and to
that extent immoral. While the latter seems a function of personal ethical
cosmology and is thus difficult to comment on, the former rings a little true.
It’s a distant ring, but a lingering, plaintive one nonetheless; once you’ve
heard it, it doesn’t fade. The suspicion that he may well be at least
half-right brought me to B.S. Johnson’s work.
coverBut Hornby didn’t
buy Johnson’s package, even in part. Comparing Johnson and his quest to
separate himself from the “what-happened-next brigade” to the school inspector
in Hard Times, he writes, “Like communists and fascists, Johnson and the dismal
inspector wander off in opposite directions, only to discover that the world is
round. I’m glad that they both lost cultural Cold War.” But I’ve felt so often
that novels do still, in the main, clutch for dear life to the forms of
plodding, pandering relics. I’ve wondered if our compulsion to find out the
next step in some made-up causal chain at least a little juvenile, a little
squirrely, a little intellectually atrophic. Haven’t you?
3. Albert Angelo
coverIt’s a rare shelf
that would offer all of Johnson’s novels side-by side. But if you came across
one, you’d notice that none of the books are particularly thick. Johnson never
put out a Ulysses. Chalk one point, then, in the “accessibility” column; people
read embossed-cover airport novels thrice the length of the average Johnson
novel. Indeed, the author strove to (and once believed he could) win the hearts
and minds of that very mainstream. He didn’t, but sitting down with a brisk,
blackly hilarious book like Albert Angelo makes you think that it couldn’t have
been the work’s fault.
Break out the chalk again
and scrape it under the “funny” heading. I’m the first to claim that some, if
not most literary modernists really did have senses of humor, but Johnson’s
comes through so much more plainly. It feels like a difference not just in
degree but in kind. When Joyce and Beckett crack an in-work joke, it’s half the
time funny in the same way that an orchestra’s unconventional chord change
might be considered funny. That is to say, they’re insider funny; sometimes way
insider funny. Freighting his protagonist Albert with a series of dreary
substitute teaching jobs, Johnson indulges in broader humor. “Well, Jeanette
Parsons and Lily Stanley,” goes one of Albert’s many admonishments, “I shall
report this affair to the Headmaster.” “Who will do fuck-all about it,”
silently says his brain.
Johnson makes these lines
not just narratively but textually simultaneous by bisecting the page, the
spoken words on the left and the unspoken on the right. This is but one of the
book’s unusual formal techniques, each of which Johnson judged most effective
to express the events they do. Certainly, it would be hard to top that
double-column in the classroom. Others, like the odd punctuation marks that
bracket physical descriptions or the theatrical script format that pops up,
hold some fascination but aren’t clearly the best tool for the job. (Then
again, they aren’t clearly not the best tool for the job.)
But if you already knew
the name B.S. Johnson when you started reading this, you more than likely knew
Albert Angelo as “the book with the holes in the pages,” as I did, before I
read it. I assumed the thing would be literary Swiss cheese, but no; there’s
only one hole in the book — well, two, to be precise, but they’re cut in the
same position on adjacent pages. This enables the reader to see five pages
ahead to a fragment about the violent death of Christopher Marlowe, the
16th-century dramatist with whom Johnson identified since encountering his work
early in life. So parallel did he feel to Marlowe that he became convinced that
he, too, would die at 29, by the sort of stabbing seen through Albert Angelo’s
hole or otherwise. Though the implicit statement about prophecy is perhaps
interesting, I can’t entirely dismiss the book’s contemporary reviewers who
deemed the cutouts gimmicky.
More important is Albert
Angelo’s final section, titled “Disintegration”, in which Johnson shatters the
facade he’s built over the past 161 pages. A primal scream sweeps away the
construction of Albert, his home in London’s Angel district (hence the title),
and his demoralizing day job replacing for a teacher who put himself out of his
Sisyphean educational misery: “OH, FUCK ALL THIS LYING!” The remainder of the
novel, which dissolves into punctuation-free a-grammaticality before gradually
reconstructing itself, serves up Johnson’s statement of purpose: no more of
this roman à clef nonsense. No more stand-ins. No more invention. No more
objective correlatives. No more lying.
4. The Unfortunates
Albert Angelo, Johnson’s
second novel (we’ll get to the first later), was published in 1964. Five years
later, his fourth (we’ll get to the third later) would offer a production hook
so radical as to make any number of cuttings-out seem conventional. This is the
infamous “book in a box,” so called because it had to ship in one. How else to
package not a sheaf of bound pages, put a pile of 27 individually stapled
pamphlets, essentially?
Johnson’s idea here was
to emulate the all-over-the-place non-linearity of human memory. We don’t
actually recall our lives as narratives, he thought, so why dishonestly write
about them as if we did? Why not write the fragments, then offer them to the
reader as fragments, rather than committing the fraud of lining them up in a
rigid, linear sequence? Calling upon two episodes of his life, one drearily
routine and another prolonged and tragic, Johnson combines and reconstituted
them in a way that lets you read them — and thus experience them for yourself —
in any order your shuffling happens to produce.
Johnson paid the bills
with sports reporting gigs. (As Coe revealed, paying the bills was even more of
a burden for Johnson than for most writers, morphing from inconvenience into
unyielding existential assault.) The Unfortunates chronicles, in its distinctive
manner, his internal monologue during one such job. Sent to write up a distant
football match he finds himself in Nottingham, the city where his best friend
died of cancer. This flood of memories mixes with his concrete journey through
the streets, his meals, his journalistic observation of the unremarkable game,
and his composition and (literal) phoning-in of his copy.
The most credible
objection to Johnson’s chosen form here is that even the most linear novels
wind up, by way of our mental food processor, a jumble of discrete moments,
images, turns of phrase. Isn’t writing it that way in the first place
tantamount to serving a fine meal as a decomposed slurry because that’s how it
winds up when we’ve digested it? Yet this is not an objection I share. It
wouldn’t work if every story were told in the same way, but it works hauntingly
well as an exception. Something about the task of reading the novel made it, at
least for me, a quietly epic, dizzyingly elegiac experience. Now, some would
say it’s just dizzying, but were I pressed to name Johnson’s masterpiece, The
Unfortunates would be it.
