21- ] Basic Grammar For Beginners , Punctuation

21 - ] Basic Grammar For Beginners 

27 - Punctuation

1 - ] Capital letters are used at the beginning of :

1 . The first word in a sentence .

In many parts of the world people grow rice .

2 . The first word of a direct speech .

 Sam cried , “Come quickly .”

3 . Names of persons , cities , towns , countries , rivers , seas , mountains , oceans .

Ahmad - John - Sara - Cairo - Egypt - USA - The Nile - The Red Sea - The Alps - The Atlantic - Pacific

4 . Adjectives describing nationality .

English - American - French - Italian - Chinese - Swedish - Kuwaiti

5 . The names of days of the week , months and festivals .

 Monday - Friday - August - Ramadan - Christmas

6 . Short forms of titles .

Mr. = Dr.

2 - ] A comma ( , ) is used .

1 . to separate items .

Yesterday I bought a shirt , a pair of shoes , a pair of socks , and a suit .

2 . To separate clauses or phrases from the rest of the sentence .

If you study hard , you’ll succeed .

3 . To mark off direct speech .

 She said , “I have seen this film before .”

4 . In letters after salutations .

 Dear Sam , Dear Natalia ,

3 . A full stop   ( . ) is used .

1 . At the end of every statement .

She went shopping yesterday .

2 . After abbreviations .

Mr. Solomon - Dr. Henry

4 . A question mark ( ? )  is used :

At the end of questions .

Where did you go yesterday ?

Can I borrow your book ?

5 . The quotation marks ( “  “ )  are used .

1 . to enclose direct speech .

He said , “I don’t understand this lesson .”

2 . to enclose titles of books , plays , newspapers and magazines .

“Oliver Twist”  - “Hamlet” - “Al-Ahram”  - “The Times”

6 . The apostrophe ( ‘ ) is used .

1 . to show possession .

children’s hats - Ali’s car

2 . to show the omission of a letter , letters .

didn’t - I’ll - I won’t - I’ve - It’s

7 . An exclamation mark or point ( ! ) is used :

1 . to end an exclamatory sentence .

What an amazing cook you are !

2 . Interjections [ An interjection is a word or words that show feeling . If the interjection stands alone , it is followed by an exclamation point or mark . If it begins a sentence , it is set off by a comma .

Hooray ! They won the game . Oh , I knew they would !

Oh , no ! I can’t believe it .

Amazing ! The fans love the game .

Goodness ! Both teams play hard .

Wow ! What a game that was !

8 . a semicolon ( ; )  is used :

1 . to link clauses only if the clauses are closely related in meaning .

Uncle Ray likes sweet potatoes ; Aunt Janie prefers peas and carrots .

Uncle Ray likes the mountains ; Aunt Janie prefers the beach .

2 . between items in a series when the items contain commas .

Mr. Schultz , my science teacher ; Ms. O’Hara , my English teacher ; Mrs. Harry , my math teacher ; and Mr. Kim , my social studies teacher , attended the seventh-grade picnic.

3 . Use a semicolon rather than a comma before a coordinating conjunction to join independent clauses that contain commas .

I wrote to Ann , Ramon , and Mai ; and Jean notified Charles , Tom , and Sue .

9 . a colon ( : )  is used

1 . before a list of items , especially after expressions such as the following or as follows .

The primary colors are as follows : red , blue , and yellow .

You will need these items for map work : a ruler , colored pencils , and tracing paper .

Jack’s pocket contained the following items : a key , a note from a friend , a button , and two quarters .

2 . Conventional situations

A. the hour and the minute

8:30 A.M     - 10:00 P.M.

B . after the salutation of a business letter .

Dear Sir of Madam : - To Whom It May Concern :  - Dear Dr. Christian: - Dear Mrs. Foster :

3 . between chapter and verse in Quran or Biblical references and between all titles and subtitles .

1 Chronicles 22 : 6-19

AlBaqara 2 : 7- 20

“Oral Storytelling : Making the Winter Shorter”

Exercise

Correctly use the punctuation marks you have learnt :

1 . are you coming to the party

2 . is there any way I can help you

3 . give me six eggs a packet of tea half a kilo of coffee a box of matches and a bottle of milk

4 . because all cant speak French or English he never enjoys traveling abroad

5 . atif went to his father and said I want some money his father said why do you want money for atif answered I want money to by a book his father asked which book atif answered English today

6 . the king was very sad the nightingale sang onc a year for five years then the king became ill he lay in his bed with his eyes closed the doctors went away and said the king is dead

7 . sam said I like reading English books

rashid said I want a sandwich

8 . where is tom asked the teacher he is absent said Nasser but he s coming to school on monday

9 . dr charles lives in new york

10 . don’t make noise the teacher told the children

11 . I wont be back until six oclock

12 . mother gave omar and I some sandwiches

13 . where do you always park your car

14 . have you ever seen an elephant 

20 - ] Basic Grammar For Beginners , Joining Words

20 - ] Basic Grammar For Beginners 

26 - Joining Words

1 . Addition

- and

Huda is going for a walk . Nasser is going for a walk .

Huda and Nasser are going for a walk .

Ali did the homework . Ali watched TV .

Ali did the homework and watched TV .

- so

Dalia enjoyed the party . Diana enjoyed the party .

Dalia enjoyed the party and so did Diana .

- both -----------and

Ahmad has understood the lesson . Ali has understood the lesson .

Both Ahmad and Ali have understood the lesson .

In India it rains in summer . It rains in winter too .

In India it rains both in summer and winter .

- as well as

The man saw the accident . His wife saw the accident , too .

The man as well as his wife saw the accident .

- not only ----------but also [ as well ]

He passed the final exam . He got very high grades .

He not only passed the final exam , but he also got high grades .

She invited all her family . She invited all her class mates .

She not only invited all her family but all her class mates as well . [ but also all her class mates ]

Not  only did she invite all her family but all her class mates as well . [ inversion ] 

Negation neither --------------nor

Nasser didn’t write the composition . Rashid didn’t write the composition .

Neither Nasser nor Rashid wrote the composition .

She didn’t see the film . She didn’t read the book .

She  neither saw the film nor read the book .

- either -------------or

Mary is going to book the tickets . Adam is going to book the tickets .

Either Mary or Adam is going to book the tickets .

We are going to travel to London . We are going to travel to Paris .

We are going to travel to London or to Paris .

2 . Cause

- because , as , since

Mother is very pleased . She has bought a bargain .

Mother is very pleased because she has bought a bargain .

She can’t ea any sweets . Her teeth hurt a lot .

She can’t eat any sweets as her teeth hurt a lot .

I can’t go with you . I have a lot of homework to do .

I can’t go with you since I have a lot of homework to do

3 . Reason

- to , in order to , so as to

He went to the bank . He wanted to cash a cheque .

He went to the bank to cash a cheque .

She is going to Paris . She wants to learn French .

She is going to Paris in order to learn French .

He’s studying hard . He wants to go to college .

He’s studying hard so as to go to college .

4 . Result

- so that , in order that

She’s studying very hard . She wants to get high grades .

She’s studying very hard so that she may get high grades . [ present simple ]

He went on a diet . He wanted to lose weight .

He went on a diet in order that he might lose weight . [ past simple ]

- so  adjective that

The problem was difficult . He couldn’t solve it .

The problem was so difficult tat he couldn’t solve it .

The film was boring . He couldn’t stay to the end .

The film was boring that he couldn’t stay to the end .

- such a (an) adjective + noun that

The book was interesting . I read t several times .

It was such an interesting book that I read it several times .

The journey was tiring . I stayed awake all night .

It was such a tiring journey that I stayed awake all night .

4 . Clause of time [ time clause ]   

- when , as soon as , after , before , then

He’ll take us to the zoo . Father comes home .

When father comes home , he’ll take us to the zoo .

He reached the hotel . He had a shower .

As soon as he reached the hotel , he had a shower .

He finished work . He went home .

After he had finished work , he went home .

He did his homework . He watched TV.

He had done his homework , before he watched TV.

He had done his homework , then he watched TV .

Exercise

Join these pairs of sentences with the words in brackets :

1 . Mother is going for a walk . Father is going for a walk . [ Both ---------and ]

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2 . He spoke to the assistant . He spoke to the manager . [ Not only -----but -----as well ]

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3 . He arrives home . He’ll take us to the park . [ As soon as ]

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4 . I bought John a lovely present . He came top . [ because ]

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5 . I am going to the luggage office . I want to collect my luggage . [ in order to ]

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6 . He’s joining the queue . He wants to get some tickets . [ so that ]

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7 . The stick is so hard . He can’t break it . [ so ----------that ]

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8 . The teacher spoke quickly . I couldn’t understand her . [ so -----------that ]

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9 . The boxes were heavy . I couldn’t carry them .  [ such -----------that

They were --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

10 . The program was boring . I couldn’t stand it . [ such --------that ]

 It was--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

11 . She ran fast . I couldn’t keep up with her . [ so --------that ]

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12 . She’s doing lot of exercises . She wants to lose weight . [ in order that ]

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13 . He went to the kitchen . He wanted to get a tin opener .  [ in order to ]

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14 . They sold their old house . It was getting too small for them .  [ since ]

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15 . She congratulated him . He came top .  [ because ]

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16 . The man rescued the baby . He rescued his mother too .  [ both -----------and ]

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17 . Mother doesn’t smoke . Father doesn’t smoke . [ Neither -------------nor ]

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18 . Take the camera . Take the radio . You can’t take them both . [ Either --------or ]

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19 - ] Basic Grammar For Beginners , Prepositions

19 - ] Basic Grammar For Beginners

 

25 . Prepositions

1 . in bed - class - town - prison - bathroom - the country - the park - the classroom - money-box - pencil-box - the parcel - 1975 - 1995 - Cairo - London - May - August - summer - winter - the morning - the afternoon - in the end .

2 .at home - school - mosque - church - work - the seaside - the library - the dentist’s - the doctor’s - the greengrocer’s - noon - night

3 . on Sunday - Friday - January1st - - February 2^nd - June 3^rd - duty - business - on time - the table - the roof - shelf - foot

4 . off the tree - stars - the bus - the lights - horse

5 . with Tom - a pencil - knife - you .

6 . by car - train - plane - bus - him

7 . into the river - water - bag

8 . for Adam - my mother - a while - a day - two weeks - seven days - a month - three years - several months

Exercise 1

Choose the correct word from those between brackets :

1. I wanted to see him [ on / at / in ] the morning .

2 . Miss Mary is the teacher [ in / of / off ] our class .

3 . He was looking [ after / for / at ] work .

4 . You must write your name [ at / in / on ] the top of the page .

5 . I always go to school [ in / on / by ] foot .

6 . The bird flew [ through / from / with ] the open window .

7 . My ball fell [ at / into / onto ] the river .

8 . This poem was written [ with / from / by ] an Egyptian poet .

9 . He walks [ on / to / from ] his office every morning .

10 . She likes to look [ for / after / at ] herself in the mirror .

11 . There is something wrong [ in / at / with ] my radio .

12 . There is a piece of bread on the floor . Please pick it [ over / up / on ] .

13 . He was knocked [ down / over / off ] by a car .

14 . Please take your hands [ from / off / of ] your pockets .

15 . We don’t go to school [ on / in / at ] Fridays .

16 . A man sees [ with / for / by ] his eyes .

17 . I always eat [ at / in / on ] a restaurant .

18 . How many months are there [ on / at / in ] a year ?

19 . January comes [ before / after / between ] February .

20 . April comes [ with / after / before ] May .

21 . I spoke to him [ in / on / by ] the telephone yesterday .

22 . Tell me all [ about / on / in ] your trip to the Red Sea .

Exercise 2

Use these words to fill the blank spaces in the sentences :

after - at - away - back - down - for - from = with - in - into - of - off - on - out - to - over - through - up

 

 

 1 . When mother went ---------------------to do her shopping , I looked ---------the baby for her .

2 . Miss Williams has been teaching us -----------------several years .

3 . My shoes were worn -----------------I had to throw them ----------------------.

4 . My dog was run ------------------by a lorry . I carried him -------------the nearest hospital ---------------my car .

5 . The flight --------------London to Cairo took about five hours . It took -------------at 8 a.m. and landed ----------------Cairo airport --------------1 o’clock .

6 . Don’t get --------------the bus before it stops .

7 . My new shoes don’t fit me . I have to take them -------------the shop to get bigger ones .

8 . He wrote ------------------the board --------------a marker .

9 . I found the word ---------------the dictionary .

10 . I will be away -------------------- Saturday to Thursday .

11 . The plane flew -------------------the clouds .

12 . The book fell -----------------the shelf -------------the desk .

13 . Take ------------------your dirty socks and put -------------the clean ones .

14 . The first lesson starts -------------8 o’clock .

15 . She was walking ---------------the hill when she fell ------------- .

16 . He is too fat to pass -----------------that door .

17 . While he was fishing , his glasses fell ----------------the water .

18 . We played ---------------each other ----------------the afternoon .

19 . One ------------my sisters will be married next week .

Exercise 3

Choose the correct preposition from those in brackets :

1 . January is the first month [ of / on / in ] the year .

2 . I was late [ for / on / in ] my lesson yesterday .

3 . I spoke [ for / to / of ] Ali about that matter .

4 . He explained everything [ for / from / to ] me .

5 . I write all the new words [ on / in / at ] my copybook .

6 . I get up [ on / in / at ] seven o’clock every morning .

7 . They always come to school [ on / by / in ] bus .

8 . I like to travel [ by / on / in ] plane .

9 . There is a large board [ on / at / in ] the wall .

10 . Sometimes I walk [ to / for / of ] school .

11 . Do you take sugar [ on / in / for ] your coffee ?

12  . The train for Aswan leaves [ at / in / on ] three o’clock .

Exercise 4 .

Fill in the blank spaces with suitable prepositions :

1 . When did tour father leave ------------------ London ?

2 . Did he go ----------------air ?

3 . We must study from page 10 ----------------page 12 .

4 . He took a handkerchief ----------------------his pocket .

5 . The teacher stands -----------front ===== the class .

6 . Did he leave a message --------------------me ?

7 . I must look -----------------the pencil which I lost .

8 . She looked ----------------me and smiled .

9 . The leaves fall ---------------the trees n October .

10 . Please turn ------------ the light .

11 . -----------------present , he is the best student in class .

12 . What are they talking ----------------?

13 . What is he laughing ----------?

14 . What are you thinking --------------?

15 . She spends much money ------------clothes .

Exercise 5 .

Fill in the blank spaces with :

in - on - into - of - at - for - from

1 . The room is full -----------people .

2 , Tom is still -------------------school .

3 . Mary comes -------------------England .

4 . The ball fell --------------- the water .

5 . There are four books ---------------------the desk .

6 . What’s there -----------this box ?

7 . Here is some money ---------------you .

Exercise 6 .

Fill in the blanks with :

off - for - long - around - to - with - in - of

1 . What’s the matter ----------------you , Tom ? You look ill .

2 . My birthday is --------------January .

3 . A lot -------------------my friends live near the school .

4 . The London plane took ----------------a few minutes ago .

5 . My uncle is a sailor . He sailed -------------the world .

6 . Milk is very important -------------------children .

7 . How --------------have you been in this school ?

8 . Mother went to the shop ---------------buy some sugar and flour .

Exercise 7

Fill in the blanks with :

of - off - with - under - about - on - to - in - at

1 . I usually get up -----------------seven o’clock .

2 . He cut the bread -----------------a knife .

3 . The Mid Year Exam is --------------January .

4 . Here is a piece ------------cake for you .

5 . Turn --------------the radio , please . I can’t study .

6 . I don’t know anything --------------compters .

7 . There is a bank next ----------------our school .

8 . The cat is sleeping ----------the chair .

9 . Turn -------------the light , please . It’s so dark .