17 - ] Model SAT Tests - Test Seventeen

17 - ] Model SAT Tests 

Test Seventeen

Read the passages below , and then answer the questions that follow the passage . The correct response may be stated outright or merely suggested in the passage .

Questions 1 - 6 are based on the following passage.

The following passage on the formation of oil is excerpted from a novel about oil exploration written by Alistair MacLean

            Five main weather elements act upon rock . Frost and ice fracture rock . It can be gradually eroded by airborne dust . The action of the seas , whether through the constant movement of tides or the pounding of heavy storm waves , remorselessly wears away the coastlines . Rivers are immensely powerful destructive agencies - one has but to look at the Grand Canyon to appreciate their enormous power . And such rocks as a escape all these influences are worn away over the eons by the effect of rain .              

          Whatever the cause of erosion , the net result is the same . The rock is reduced to its tiniest possible constituents - rock particles or , simply , dust. Rain and melting snow carry this dust down to the tiniest rivulets and the mightiest rivers , which , in turn , transport it to lakes , inland seas and the coastal regions of the oceans . Dust , however fine and powdery , is still heavier than water , and whenever the water becomes sufficiently still , it will gradually sink to the bottom , not only in lakes and seas but also in the sluggish lower reaches of rivers and where flood conditions exist , in the form of silt .

            And so , over unimaginably long reaches of time ; whole mountain ranges are carried down to the seas , and in the process , through the effects of gravity , new rock is born as layer after layer of dust accumulates on the bottom , building up to a depth of ten , a hundred , perhaps even a thousand feet , the lowermost layers being gradually compacted by the immense and steadily increasing pressures from above , until the particles fuse together and reform as a new rock .

            It is in the intermediate and final processes of the new rock formation that oil comes into being . Those lakes and seas of hundreds of millions of years ago were almost choked by water plants and the most primitive forms of aquatic life . On dying , they sank to the bottom of the lakes and seas along with the settling dust particles and were gradually buried deep under the endless layers of more dust and more aquatic and plant life that slowly accumulated above them . The passing of millions of years and the steadily increasing pressures from above gradually changed the decayed vegetation and dead aquatic life into oil .

            Described this simply and quickly the process sounds reasonable enough . But this is where the gray and disputatious area arise . The conditions necessary for the formation of oil are known ; the cause of the metamorphosis is not . It seems probable that some form of chemical catalyst is involved , but this catalyst has not been isolated . The first purely synthetic oil . as distinct from secondary synthetic oils such as those derived from coal , has yet to be produced . We just have to accept that oil is oil , that it is there , bound up in rock strata in fairly well-defined areas throughout the world but always on the sites of ancient sea and lakes , some of which are now continental land , some buried deep under the encroachment of new oceans .

1 . According to the author , which of the following statements is (are) true ?

1 .  The action of the seas is the most important factor in erosion of Earth’s surface .

11 . Scientists have not been able to produce a purely synthetic oil in the laboratory .

111 . Gravity plays an important role in the formation of new rock

(A) I only (B) 11 only (C) 111 only (D) 1 and 111 only (E) 11 and 111 only    

2 . The Grand Canyon is mentioned in the first paragraph to illustrate  

(A) the urgent need for dams

(B) the devastating impact of rivers

(C) the effect of rain

(D) a site where oil may be found

(E) the magnificence of nature

3 . According to the author , our understanding of the process by which oil is created is    

(A) biased (B) systematic (C) erroneous (D) deficient (E)  adequate

4 . We can infer that prospectors should search for oil deposits    

(A) wherever former seas existed

(B) in mountain streambeds

(C) where coal deposits are found

(D) in the Grand Canyon

(E) in new rock formation

5 . The author does all of the following EXCEPT  

(A) describe a process

(B) state a possibility

C) cite an example

(D) propose a solution

(E) mention a limitation

6 . The underlined word “reaches” in paragraph 2 means   

(A) grasps (B) unbroken stretches (C) range of knowledge (D) promontories

(E) juxtaposition

Questions 7 - 15 are based on the following passage .

The following passage is excerpted from a book on the meaning and importance of fairy tales by noted child psychologist Bruno Bettelheim

            Plato - who may have understood better what forms the mind of man than do some of our contemporaries who want their children exposed only to “real” people and everyday events - know what intellectual experiences make for true humanity . He suggested that the future citizens of his ideal republic begin their literary education with the telling of myths , rather than with mere facts or so-called rational teachings . Even Aristotle , master of pure reason , said : “The friend of wisdom is also a friend of myth .”

            Modern thinkers who have studied myths and fairy tales from a philosophical pr psychological viewpoint arrive at the same conclusion , regardless of their original persuasion . Mireca Eliade, for one , describes these stories as “models for human behavior [that ,] by that very fact , give meaning and value to life .” Drawing on anthropological parallels , he and others suggest that myths and fairy tales were derived from , or give a symbolic expression to , initiation rites or other rites of passage - such as metaphoric death of an old , inadequate self in order to be reborn on a higher plane of existence . He feels that this is why these tales meet a strongly felt need and are carriers of such deep meaning .

            Other investigators with a depth-psychological orientation emphasize the similarities between the fantastic events in myths and fairy takes and those in adult dreams and daydrams - the fulfillment of wishes , the winning out over all competitors , the destruction of enemies -and conclude that one attraction of this literature is its expression of that which is normally prevented from coming to awareness .

           There are , of course , very significant differences between fairy tales and dreams . For example , in dreams more often than not the wish fulfillment is disguisd , while in fairy tales much of it is openly expressed . To a considerable degree , dreams are the result of inner pressures that have found no relief , pf problems that beset a person to which he knows no solution and to which the dream finds none . The fairy tale does the opposite : it projects the relief of all pressures and not only offers ways to solve problems but promises that a “happy” solution will be found .

            We cannot control what goes on in our dreams . Although our inner censorship influences what we may dream , such control occurs on an unconscious level . The fairy tale , on the other hand , is very much the result of common conscious and unconscious mind , not of one particular person , but the consensus of many in regard to what they accept as desirable solutions . If all these elements were not present in a fairy tale , it would not be retold by generation after generation . Only if a fairy tale met the conscious and unconscious requirements of many people was it repeatedly retold , and listened to with great interest . No dream of a person could arouse such persistent interest unless it was worked into a myth , as was the story of the pharaoh’s dream as interpreted by Joseph in the Bible .

            There is general agreement that myths and fairy tales speak tyo us in the language of symbols representing unconscious content . Their appeal is simultaneously to our conscious mind , and to our need for ego-ideals as well . This makes it very effective : and in the tales’ content , inner psychological phenomena are given body in symbolic form .

7 . In the opening paragraph , the author quotes Plato and Aristotle primarily in order to         

(A) define the nature of myth

(B) contrast their opposing points of view

(C) support the point that myths are valuable

(D) prove that myths are originated in ancient times

(E)  give an example of depth psychology

8 . The author’s comment about people who wish their children exposed only to actual historic persons and commonplace events [ 2 and 3 ] suggests he primarily views such people as 

(A) considerate of their children’s welfare

(B) misguided in their beliefs

(C) determined to achieve their ends

(D) more rational than the ancients

(E)  optimistic about human nature

9 . By “Plato ……. knew what intellectual experiences make for true humanity” (lines 1 - 3) , the author means that      

(A) Plato comprehended the effects of the intellectual life on real human beings

(B) Plato realized how little a purely intellectual education could do for people’s actual well-being

(C) Plato grasped which sorts of experiences helped promote the development of truly humane individuals

(D) actual human beings are transformed by reading the scholarly works of Plato

(E)  human nature is a product of mental training according to the best philosophical principles .

10 . The underlined word “persuasion” in paragraph 2 means  

(A)  enticement (B) convincing force (C) political party (D) opinion (E) gullibility

11 . Lines 7 - 10 paragraph 2 suggest that Mircea Eliade is most likely      

(A) a writer of children’s literature

(B) a student of physical anthropology

(C) a twentieth century philosopher

(D) an advocate of practical education

(E) a contemporary of Plato

12 . The underlined word “appeal” in the last paragraph most nearly means     

(A) plea (B) wistfulness (C) prayer (D) request (E) attraction

13 . It can be inferred from the passage that the author’s interest in fairy tales centers chiefly on their    

(A) literary qualities

(B) historical background

(C) factual accuracy

(D) psychological relevance

(E) ethical weakness

14 . Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude toward fairy tales ?  

(A) Reluctant fascination

(B) Wary skepticism

(C) Scornful disapprobation

(D) Indulgent tolerance

(E) Open approval

15 . According to the passage , fairy tales differ from dreams in which of the following characteristics ?    

1 . The shared nature of their creation

11 . The convention of as happy ending

111 . Enduring general appeal

(A) 1 only

(B) 11 only

(C) 1 and 11 only

(D) 11 and 111 only

(E) 1 , 11 , and 111

16- ] Model SAT Tests - Test Sixteen

16 - ] Model SAT Tests

Test Sixteen

Select the best answer to each of the following questions : then blacken the appropriate space on your answer sheet .

1 . Archaeologists are involved in -------- Mayan temples in Central America , uncovering the old ruins in order to learn more about the civilization they represent .

(A) demolishing (B) incapacitating (C) excavating (D) worshiping (E) adapting

2 . Afraid that the ----------- nature of the plays being presented would corrupt the morals of their audiences , the Puritans closed the theaters in 1642 .

(A) mediocre (B) fantastic (C) profound (D) lewd (E) witty

3 . The governor’s imposition of material law on the once-peaceful community was the last straw , so far as the lawmakers were concerned : the legislature refused to function until material law was -------- .

(A) reaffirmed (B) reiterated (C) inaugurated (D) rescinded (E) prolonged

4 . The sergeant suspected that the private was --------in order to avoid going on the ----------

march scheduled for that morning .

(A) malingering ----arduous

(B) proselytizing -----interminable

(C) invalidating ------ threatened

(D) exemplary -----leisurely

(E) disgruntled ------- strenuous

5 . The incidence of smoking among women , formerly --------, has grown to such a degree that lung cancer , once a minor problem , has become the chief -----------of cancer-related deaths among women .

(A) negligible -------cause

(B) minor ------antidote

(C) preeminent ------- cure

(D)relevant -------- modifier

(E) pervasive ------opponent

6 . The columnist was almost ----------- when he mentioned his friends , but he was unpleasant and even -------when he discussed people who irritated him .

(A) recalcitrant ------- laconic

(B) reverential ------ acrimonious

(C) sensitive -----remorseful

(D) insipid ------militant

(E) benevolent -------stoical

7 . An experienced politician who knew better than to launch a campaign in troubled political waters : she intended to wait for a more ---------occasion before she announced her plans .

(A) propitious (B) provocative (C) unseemly (D) questionable (E) theoretical

8 . Wemmick , the soul of kindness in private , is obliged in -------to be uncompassionate and even ---------on behalf of his employer , the harsh lawyer Jaggers .

(A) conclusion-------careless

(B) principle ---------contradictory

(C) theory ------esoteric

(D) court --------- judicious

(E) public ------ruthless

9 . The civil rights movement did not emerge from obscurity into national prominence overnight ; on the contrary , it captured the public’s imagination only ------------

(A) fruitlessly (B) unimpeachably (C) momentarily (D) expeditiously (E) gradually

10 . most of the settlements that grew up near the logging camps were ----------affairs , thrown together in a hurry because people needed to live on the job . 

(A) protracted (B) unobtrusive (C) nomadic (D) ramshackle (E) banal

11 . Quick-breeding and immune to most pesticides , cockroaches are so --------that even a professional exterminator may fail to --------- them .

(A) vulnerable ---- eradicate

(B) widespread ------- discern

(C) fragile -----destroy

(D) hardy -----eliminate

(E) numerous -------- detect

12 . The seventeenth-century writer Mary Astell was a rare phenomenon , a single woman

who maintained and even ---------- a respectable reputation while earning a living by her pen .

(A) eclipsed (B) impaired (C) decimated (D) avoided (E) enhanced

13 . An optimistic supporter of the women’s movement , Kubota contends that recent -------

by Japanese women in the business world are meaningful and indicative of -------opportunity to come .

(A) advances ------diminished

(B) strides --------greater

(C) innovations ------ marginal

(D) retreats-------theoretical

(E) failures -------hidden

14 . The patient bore the pain ------------, neither wincing nor whimpering when the incision was made .

(A) histrionically (B) stoically (C) sardonically (D) poorly (E) marginally

15 . The actor’s stories of backstage feuds and rivalry might be thought ---------------were there not so many corroborating anecdotes from other theoretical personalities .

(A) pantomime (B) ambiguity (C) approbation (D) hyperbole (E) vainglory

16 . The -----ambassador was but -----linguist ; yet he insisted on speaking to foreign dignitaries in their own tongues without resorting to a translator’s aid .

(A) eminent -------an indifferent

(B) visiting ------- a notable

(C)  revered --------- a talented

(D)  distinguished ------ a celebrated

(E) ranking ---------- a sensitive

17. Nowadays life models - men and women who pose in the nude for artists - seem curiously-------- , relics of a bygone age when art students labored amid skeletons and anatomical charts , learning to draw the human body as painstakingly as medical students learn to  --------- it .

A) anachronistic ------- sketch

(B) archaic ------- dissect

(C)  contemporary -------diagnose

(D) stereotyped -------examine

(E) daring ------- cure

18 . In one instance illustrating Metternich’s consuming ------, he employed several naval captains to purchase books abroad for him , eventually adding an entire Oriental library to his ------------ collection .

(A) foresight -------indifferent

(B) altruism ------- eclectic

(C) bibliomania -----burgeoning

(D)  avarice -------inadvertent

(E) egocentricity ---------magnanimous

19 . Although Roman original contributions to government , jurisprudence , and engineering are commonly acknowledged , the artistic legacy of the Roman world continues to be judged widely as ---------the magnificent Greek traditions that preceded it .

(A)  an improvement on (B) an echo of (C) a resolution of  (D) a precursor of

(E) a consummation of 

15 - ] Model SAT Tests - Test Fifteen

15 - ] Model SAT Tests

 

Test Fifteen

Read the passage below , and then answer the questions that follow the passage . The correct response may be stated outright or merely suggested in the passage .

            In 1979 , when the World Health Organization declared smallpox had finally eradicated , few , if any ,  people recollected the efforts of an eighteenth century English aristocrat to combat the then-fatal disease . As a young woman , Lady Mary Wortely Montagu had suffered severely from smallpox . In Turkey , she observed the Eastern custom of inoculating people with a mild form of the pox , thereby immunizing them , a practice she later championed in England . The Turks , she wrote home , even held house parties during which inoculated youngsters played together happily until they came down with the pox , after which they convalesced together .

1 . The purpose of the passage as a whole is to

(A) celebrate the eradication of smallpox

(B) challenge the achievements of Lady Mary Wortely Montagu

(C) remind us that we can learn from foreign cultures

(D) show that smallpox was a serious problem in the eighteenth century

(E) call attention to a neglected figure

2 . Lady Mary’s efforts to combat smallpox in England came about 

(A) as a direct result of her childhood exposure to the disease

(B) as part of a World Health Organization campaign against the epidemic

(C) in response to the migration of Turks to England

(D) as a consequence of her travels in the EAST

(E) in the face of opposition from the medical profession

3 . The author uses the underlined word “even” primarily to   

(A) exaggerate the duration of the house parties

(B) emphasize the widespread acceptance of the procedure she describes

(C) indicate the most appropriate setting for treatment

(D) encourage her readers to travel to Turkey

(E) underscore the dangers of English methods for treating the disease

The questions that follow the next two passages relate to the content of both , and to their relationship . The correct response may be stated outright in the passage or merely suggested .

Questions 4 - 16 are based on the following passages .

The following passages are adapted from essays on detective fiction , often known as mysteries . In the first the poet W.H . Auden discusses the detective story’s magic formula . In the second , historian Robin Winks assesses whar we do when we read mysteries .   

Passage 1

           The most curious fact about the detective story is that it makes its greatest appeal precisely to those classes of people who are most immune to other forms of daydream literature . The typical detective story addict is a doctor or clergyman or scientist or artist , i.e. a fairly successful professional man with intellectual interests and well-read in his own field , who could never stomach the Saturday Evening Post or True Confessions or movie magazines or comics .

            It is sometimes said that detective stories are read by respectable law-abiding citizens in order to gratify in fantasy the violent or murderous wishes they dare not ,or are ashamed to , translate into action . This may be true for readers of thrillers ( which I rarely enjoy ) , but it is quite false for the reader of detective stories . On the contrary , the magical satisfaction the latter provide ( which makes them escape literature , not works of art ) is the illusion of being dissociated from the murderer .

            The magical formula is an innocence which is discovered to contain guilt ; then a suspicion of being the guilty one ; and finally a real innocence from which the guilty other has been expelled , a cure effected , not by me or my neighbors , but by the miraculous intervention of a genius from outside who removes guilt by giving knowledge of guilt . ( The detective story subscribes , in fact , to the Socratic daydream : “Sin is ignorance.” )

            If one thinks of a work of art which deals with murder , Crime and Punishment for example , its effect on the reader is to compel an identification with the murderer which he would prefer not to recognize . The identification of fantasy is always an attempt to avoid one’s own suffering : the identification of art is a compelled sharing in the suffering of another . Kafka’s The Trial is another instructive example of the difference between a work of art and the detective story . In the latter it is certain that a crime has been committed and , temporarily , uncertain to whom guilt should be attached : as soon as this is known , the innocence of everyone else is certain .(Should it turn out that aftewr all no crime had been committed , then all would be innocent . ) In The Trial  , on the other hand , it is the guilt that is certain and the crime that is uncertain : the aim of the hero’s investigation is not to prove his innocence ( which would be impossible for he knows he is guilty ) , but to discover what ,if anything ,he has done to make himself guilty .K, the hero ,is ,in fact , a portrait of the kind of person who reads detective stories for escape .

            The fantasy , then , which the detective story addict indulges is the fantasy of being restorwed to the Garden of Eden , to a state of innocence , where he may know love as love and not as the law . The driving force behind this daydream is the feeling of guilt , the cause of which is unknown to the dreamer . The fantasy of escape is the same , whether one explains the guilt in Christian , Freudian , or any other terms . One’s way of trying to facethe reality , on the other hand , will ,of course , depend very much one one’s creed .

Passage 2

            Detective fiction creates for us an anonymity ; within it , we may constitute the last law on earth ,making decisions ( to be “proved” right or wrong ) as we go ,responsible for them , tricked , disappointed , triumphant , joyful , honest as to our mistakes , setting the record straight . As we make leaps of faith between evidence and decision in our daily lives - to board this bus , to choose that doctor , to add these pounds - so we make leaps of faith between evidence and conclusion , through the public historiography and the private autobiography  that we read . We learn how to define evidence , to use up our intellectual shoe leather it pursuit of an operable truth , to take joy from the receding horizon and pleasure in the discovery that the answer has not yet been found , that there is more work to be done . We learn that what people believe to be true is as important as the objective truth defined by the researcher / detective . In Marlowe and Archer we meet people who have no use for their conclusions , no desire for vengeance , who know that society will supply the uses while they may engage in the happy ambiguity of simply finding the facts  , which ,inert . take on life when embedded in a context of cause and effect .

            Ultimately one reads detective fiction because it involves judgments - judgments made ,passed upon , tested . In raising questions about purpose ,it raises questions about cause and effect . In the end ,like history , such fiction appears to , and occasionally does , decode the environment; appears to and occasionally does set the record straight . Setting the record straight ought to matter . Detective fiction , in its high seriousness , is a bit like a religion ,in pursuit of truths best left examined at a distance . As with all fine literature , history , philosophy , as with the written word wherever employed creatively , it can lead us to laughter in our frustration , to joy in our experience , and to tolerance for our complexities .It begins as Hawthorne so often does , and as the best of historians do , with a personal word , diffident , apparently modest , in search of the subject by asking . What is the question ? It ends , as historians who have completed their journey often do , with an authoritative tone , the complex explained the mystery revealed .

4 . The underlined word “curious” in line 1 means ?               

(A) inquisitive (B) unusual (C) sensitive  (D)  prying (E)  salutary

5 . The opening paragraph of Passage 1 suggests that the author would consider True Confessions and movie magazines to be    

(A) sources of factual data about society

(B) worthwhile contemporary periodicals

(C) standard forms of escapist literature

(D) the typical literary fare of professionals

(E) less addictive than detective fiction

6 . The author of Passage 1 asserts that readers of detective fiction can most accurately be described as

(A) believers in the creed of art for art’s sake

(B) people bent on satisfying an unconscious thirst for blood

(C) dreamers unable to face the monotony of everyday reality

(D) persons seeking momentary release from a vague sense of guilt

(E) idealists drawn to the comforts of organized religion

7 . The underlined word “translate” in Passage 1 , paragraph 2 means   

(A) decipher (B) move (C) explain (D) convey (E) convert

8 . Which best describes what the author is doing in citing the example of Kafka’s The Trial in Passage 1 , paragraph three ?

(A) Dramatizing the plot of a typical detective story

(B) Analyzing its distinctive qualities as a work of art

(C) refuting a common opinion about readers of detective fiction

(D) Demonstrating the genius of the outside investigator

(E) Discrediting a theory about Kafka’s narrative

9 . In Passage 1 , the author’s attitude toward detective fiction can best be described as one of

(A) fastidious distaste

(B) open skepticism

(C) profound veneration

(D) aloof indifference

(E) genuine appreciation

10 . In context , “use up our intellectual shoe leather” suggests that readers of mysteries   

(A) suffer in the course of arriving at the truth

(B) are attempting to escape from overly strenuous intellectual pursuits

(C) work hard mentally , much as detectives do physically

(D) have only a limited supply of time to devote to detective fiction

(E) grow hardened to crime in the course of their reading

11 . In Passage 2 , in paragraph one  , the author finds the prospect of additional work

(A) burdensome (B) unexpected (C) unfounded (D) delightful (E) deceptive

12 . Passage 2 suggests that Marlowe and Archer are most likely   

(A) murder victims

(B) fictional detectives

(C) prominent novelists

(D) literary scholars

(E) rival theorists

13 . As used in the last paragraph the underlined word “employed” most nearly means

(A) hired (B) used  (C) commissioned (D) remunerated (E) labored

14 . According to the last four lines in Passage 2 the detective story starts by   

(A) setting the record straight

(B) simplifying the difficulties of the case

(C) humanizing the investigating detective

(D) introducing the characters under suspicion

(E) defining the problem to be solved

15 . Both passages are primarily concerned with the question of   

(A) whether detective stories gratify a taste for violence

(B) why people enjoy reading detective fiction

(C) how detectives arrive at their conclusions

(D) why some people resist the appeal of escapist literature

(E) whether detective stories can be considered works of art

16 . The author of Passage 1would most likely react to the characterization of detective fiction presented in the last paragraph in Passage 2 by pointing out that 

(A) reading detective fiction is an escape , not a highly serious pursuit

(B) other analyses have shown the deficiencies of this characterization

(C) this characterization reflects the author’s lack of taste

(D) this characterization is neither original nor objective

(E) the realities of the publishing trade justify this characterization   

14 - ] Model SAT Tests - Test Fourteen

14 - ] Model SAT Tests

Test Fourteen

The passage below is the unedited draft of a student’s essay . Parts of the essay need to be rewritten to make the meaning clearer and more precise . Read the essay carefully .

The essay is followed by six questions about changes that might improve all or part of the organization , development , sentence structure , use of language , appropriateness to the audience ,or use of standard written English . In each case , choose the answer that most clearly and effectively expresses the student’s intended meaning . Indicate your choice by blackening the corresponding space on the answer sheet .

            [1]It is difficult to deny that the world of music has changed greatly in the past thirty years . [2] The style , sound , technology , and lyrics of music have been altered greatly . [3] In the last three decades , several new categories of music have come into being.

            [4] One reason why music has changed so greatly is that artists use music as a tool to publicize certain social messages . [5] Although many artists of the 1970s used this method as well , their issues were not as severe that banning their album was possible . [6] For example , one rap-singer , Ice-T , used his album to promote “cop-killing.” [7] The idea was so offensive that many believed the album should be banned .[8] The controversy caused by Ice-T made the Arista record company refuse to continue production of the album .

            [9] Another was in which music has changed is lyrics . [10] When you listen to certain heavy metal or rap groups one may notice foul and obscene language used . [11] Some of the references to sex are shocking .[12] In past eras , such language in recorded music was unheard of .

            [13] Technological changes in music have occurred . [14] With the advent of highly advanced musical devices and many digital effects , the sounds of music have been completely altered . [15] Rock and roll was invented in early 1950s . [16] When you listen to heavy metal , you hear more distorted guitar sounds than in music of the 60s and 70s . [17] In the era of electronic instruments , the variety of possible sounds is incredible . [18] Present day sounds could never have been achieved in previous years because the technology was not at hand .[19] New music utilizes electronically produced sounds never heard before . [20] Computers generate everything from the human voice under water to the sound of whales .[21] There are no limits to what the music of the future will sound like.                  

1 .Which of the following is the best revision of the underlined segment of sentence 5 below?

Although many artists of the 1970s used this method as well , their issues were not as severe that banning their album was possible .

(A)the issues were less severe than those which caused banning their album to be possible. (B) their issues were not as severe that their albums were in danger of being banned .

(C) they never raised issues that could have caused their album to be banned .

(D)the issues they raised were not serious enough that banning their album was a possibility .

(E) they raised less serious issues and banning their albums was not likely

2 . In view of the sentences that precede and follow sentence 10 , which is the most effective revision of sentence 10 ?

(A) Listening to certain heavy metal or rap groups , lyrics containing obscenities are often heard .

(B) Obscene language is common in the songs of heavy metal and rap groups .

(C) Certain heavy metal and rap groups use foul and obscene language .

(D) Obscenities are often heard when one listens to the lyrics of certain heavy metal or rap groups .

(E) Listening to obscene language and listening to the lyrics of certain heavy metal and rap groups .

3 . In the context of the entire essay , which revision of sentence 13 provides the most effective transition between paragraphs 3 and 4 ?

(A) Technological changes in music also have occurred .

(B) Also , technology has changed musical sounds .

(C) Noticeable changes in music’s sounds have come about through technological changes

(D) Changes in musical technology has changed musical sound , too .

(E) But the most noticeable change in music has been its sound .

4 . In a revision of the entire essay , which of the following sentences most needs further development ?  

(A) sentence 3 (B) Sentence 7 (C) Sentence 8 (D) Sentence 19  (E) Sentence 20

5 . Which of the following sentences should be deleted to improve the unit and coherence of paragraph 4 ? 

(A) Sentences 14 (B) Sentence 15  (C) Sentence 16 (D) Sentence 17 (E) Sentence 18

6 . With regard to the organization of the entire essay , which is the best revision of sentence 2 in the introductory paragraph ?  

(A) In the past thirty years , not only the style , sound , and technology has changed , but the lyrics have , too .

(B) Having undergone a change in the style , sound , and technology , musical lyrics have altered , also .

(C) Changes in musical sound have occurred , while the technology and lyrics have tremendously altered the style of music .

(D) Musicians have transformed today’s music in style and sound , creating new lyrics and using new technology .

(E) Along with changes in sound and technology , the lyrics of music have changed , too .

Essay

The excerpt appearing below makes a point about a particular topic .Read the sentence carefully , and think about the assignment that follows .

The novelist John Hersey wrote , “Learning starts with failure : the failure is the beginning og education .”

ASSIGNMENT : What are your thoughts on the idea that failure is necessary for education to take place ? Compose an essay in which you express your views on this topic . Your essay may support , refute , or qualify the views expressed in the excerpt . What you write , however , must be relevant to the topic under discussion . Additionally , you must support your viewpoint , indicating your reasoning and providing examples based on your studies and / or experience .