9- ] American Literature
1 - ] Nathaniel Hawthorne 1804 – 1864
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Nathaniel
Hawthorne was a novelist and short story
writer. Hawthorne’s works have been labelled ‘dark romanticism,’ dominated as
they are by cautionary tales that suggest that guilt, sin, and evil are the
most inherent natural qualities of humankind. His novels and stories, set in a
past New England, are versions of historical fiction used as a vehicle to
express themes of ancestral sin, guilt and retribution.
Although
his natural inclination was to express himself through the short story form, he
is best known for his novels, and particularly his most famous, The Scarlet
Letter, a romance in an historical setting – puritan Boston, Massachusetts, in
the 17th century. It is the story of the
unfortunate Hester Prynne, who gives birth to a child as a result of an affair
with a preacher, and struggles to create a new life of repentance. The novel
explores the themes of sin, guilt, and legalism. D.H. Lawrence wrote that there could be no
more perfect work of the American imagination.
Hawthorne
is ranked among the top American writers. He is admired by other writers,
particularly, as a skillful craftsman with an admirable sense of form, which is
highly architectural. The structure of his novels, The Scarlet Letter being a
striking example, is so tightly integrated that it would be impossible to omit
any paragraph without doing damage to the whole. The book’s four characters are
inextricably bound together in a complex situation that seems to be insoluble,
and the tightly woven plot has a unity of action that rises slowly but
inexorably to a highly dramatic climactic scene. In the short stories, too,
there is that tight construction. Hawthorne is admired, too for the directness
of his writing, and its clarity
Hawthorne’s
greatness is due partly to his moral insight. He was deeply concerned with
original sin and guilt and the claims of law and conscience. He delved deeply
and honestly into life, in which he saw much suffering and conflict but also
the redeeming power of love. He is uncompromising in his presentation of those
things, firmly and resolutely scrutinizing the psychological and moral facts of
the human condition. His greatest short stories and The Scarlet Letter are
characterized by a depth of psychological and moral insight unequalled by any
other American writer.
Early Career
For
the next 12 years, Hawthorne lived in comparative isolation in an upstairs
chamber at his mother's house, where he worked at perfecting his writing craft.
He also began keeping notebooks or journals, a habit he continued throughout
his life. He often jotted down ideas and descriptions, and his words are now a
rich source of information about his themes, ideas, style experiments, and
subjects.
In
1828, he published his first novel, Fanshaw: A Tale, at his own expense.
Fanshaw was a short, imitation Gothic novel and poorly written. Dissatisfied
with this novel, Hawthorne attempted to buy up all the copies so that no one
could read it. He did not publish another novel for almost 25 years. By 1838,
he had written two-thirds of the short stories he was to write in his lifetime.
None of these stories gained him much attention, and he could not interest a
publisher in printing a collection of his tales until 1837, when his college
friend Horatio Bridge backed the publishing of Twice-Told Tales, a collection
of Hawthorne's stories that had been published separately in magazines. His
schoolmate and friend, Longfellow, reviewed the book with glowing terms. Edgar
Allan Poe, known for his excoriating reviews of writers, not only wrote warmly
of Hawthorne's book but also took the opportunity to define the short story in
his now famous review. Twice-Told Tales is considered a masterpiece of
literature, and it contains unmistakably American stories.
Financial Burdens and Marriage
In
1838, Hawthorne met Sophia Amelia Peabody, and the following year they were
engaged. It was at this time that Hawthorne invested a thousand dollars of his
meager capital in the Brook Farm Community at West Roxbury. There he became
acquainted with Ralph Waldo Emerson and the naturalist Henry David Thoreau.
These transcendentalist thinkers influenced much of Hawthorne's thinking about
the importance of intuition rather than intellect in uncovering the truths of
nature and human beings. Hawthorne left this experiment in November 1841,
disillusioned with the viewpoint of the community, exhausted from the work, and
without financial hope that he could support a wife. From this experience,
however, he gained the setting for a later novel, The Blithedale Romance.
In
a trip to Boston after leaving Brook Farm, Hawthorne reached an understanding
about a salary for future contributions to the Democratic Review. He and Sophia
married in Boston on July 9, 1842, and left for Concord, Massachusetts, where
they took up residence in the now-famous "Old Manse."
"Old
Manse"
Hawthorne's
life at the "Old Manse" was happy and productive, and these were some
of the happiest years of his life. He was newly married, in love with his wife,
and surrounded by many of the leading literary figures of the day: Ralph Waldo
Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Margaret Fuller, and Bronson Alcott. During this
time, Hawthorne wrote for the Democratic Review and produced some tales that
would be published in 1846 in Mosses from an Old Manse.
Financial
problems continued to plague the family, however. The birth of their first
child, Una, caused Hawthorne to once again seek a financially secure job. With
the help of his old friends, Hawthorne was appointed a surveyor for the port of
Salem. His son, Julian, was born in 1846. Although the new job eased the
financial problems for the family, Hawthorne again found little time to pursue
his writing. Nevertheless, during this time, he was already forming ideas for a
novel based on his Puritan ancestry and introduced by a preface about the
Custom House where he worked. When the Whigs won the 1848 election, Hawthorne
lost his position. It was a financial shock to the family, but it fortuitously
provided him with time to write The Scarlet Letter.
The Golden Years of Writing
During these years Hawthorne was to write some of the
greatest prose of his life. In 1849, Hawthorne wrote The Scarlet Letter, which
won him much fame and greatly increased his reputation. While warmly received
here and abroad, The Scarlet Letter sold only 8,000 copies in Hawthorne's
lifetime.
In 1849, when the family moved to Lennox,
Massachusetts, Hawthorne made the acquaintance of Herman Melville, a young
writer who became a good friend. Hawthorne encouraged the young Melville, who
later thanked him by dedicating his book, Moby Dick, to him. During this — the
"Little Red House" period in Lennox — Hawthorne wrote The House of
the Seven Gables and some minor works that were published in 1851.
Around
the time that Nathaniel and Sophia's second daughter, Rose, was born, the
family moved to West Newton, where Hawthorne finished and published his novel
about the Brook Farm experience, The Blithedale Romance, and also A Wonder Book
for Girls and Boys. Because there was little to no literature published for
children, Hawthorne's book was unique in this area.
Hawthorne
is also admired for his mastery of allegory and symbolism. His characters’
dilemmas and their response to them express larger generalizations about the
problems of human existence. The power and gravity with which he deals with
that results in true tragedy.
And
now, in the 21st century Hawthorne holds a pre-eminent place in American letters.
He was a major influence in the artistic development of such writers as Herman
Melville, Henry James, William Dean Howells, Mary Jane Wilkins Freeman, Sarah
Orne Jewett, William Faulkner, and Flannery O’Connor – members of the so-called
Hawthorne School. His focus on the past of the nation, especially the Puritan
era, his delving into the social and psychological forces underlying human
behavior, his reliance on symbols to convey rich and ambivalent value to his
stories and romances, his insistence on finding and understanding the sources
of humanity ‘s darker side, and his exploration of such themes as isolation,
guilt, concealment, social reform, and redemption not only created a following
among aspiring writers but also brought him into the nation’s classrooms, where
The Scarlet Letter still holds a firm place.
The
Scarlet Letter was one of the first mass-produced novels in America and became
an instant best seller, selling over 2,500 copies in the first two weeks. It
has been praised for its sentimentality and moral purity by the likes of D. H.
Lawrence, who said that there could be no more perfect work of the American
imagination .Though Edgar Allan Poe -- a fellow author in the Dark Romantic
Movement and influential literary critic -- wrote negative reviews of
Hawthorne's stories. Poe did not admire stories that were allegorical and moral
in nature so his criticism was in form. Though even he begrudgingly
acknowledged that Hawthorne's style "is like purity itself."
Hawthorne's highest regarded short stories include My Kinsman, Major Molineaux
(1832), Young Goodman Brown (1835), Feathertop (1852), and The Minister's Black
Veil.
Now
I am going to break from my biographical narrative to add a personal note.
After a lifetime of reading, Nathaniel Hawthorne has emerged as one of my
absolute favorite authors of all time. If you are not having fun while reading
Hawthorne you are doing it wrong! For instance, My Kinsman, Major Molineaux is
a comic short story and should be enjoyed as such (it does have a "tragic"
ending). It's the story of a young "hayseed" on his first visit to
the "big city" and he suffers the embarrassments one would expect and
few extras thrown in for good measure. It could inspire a Monty Python skit. I
think there is a secret to understanding and appreciating Hawthorne's body of
work. And I will share that with you. But be warned; he is not a cheap date!
You will have to work hard before you can truly love this writer.
The
price of admission is that one must read and study over the introductory
chapter to The Scarlet Letter, The Custom-House. Then read the Preface to the
Second Edition and then -- sorry -- read The Custom-House again. As much as it
will not feel like it at the time, if you are a high school student, and your
English teacher has asked you to specifically read The Custom-House, it's
because he or she loves you and cares about your education (which as Twain
famously pointed out, should not be confused with your schooling). You will
know that you truly understand those two introductory chapters when you realize
the Nathaniel Hawthorne was a mid-1850s Bad Ass who explicitly, purposely, and
repeatedly "stuck it to the man", even after, heck especially after
they asked him to stop! I also do not think you can properly understand The
Scarlet Letter without understanding The Custom-House (and also marking the
sins of Hawthorne's forefathers). I assure you, the effort is worth the reward.
[And I do offer belated apologies to my sophomore English teacher for my essay
entitled, "Why I Hate English Class," which I tendered like a
smart-aleck after my first bout with The Custom-House way back in 1981.]
For
the record, Hawthorne died in his sleep in 1864 during a tour of the White
Mountains in Plymouth, New Hampshire. He was educated at one of my favorite
small universities, Bowdoin College, where he was a student from 1821-1824.
Later Writing and Death
In Concord, the Hawthornes found a permanent house,
along with nine acres
Recent
criticism has focused on Hawthorne's narrative voice, treating it as a
self-conscious rhetorical construction, not to be conflated with Hawthorne's
own voice. Such an approach recognizes the artistry of the writer, complicating
the long-dominant tradition of regarding Hawthorne as a gloomy moralist.
Hawthorne
enjoyed a brief but intense friendship with Herman Melville beginning on August
5, 1850, when the two authors met at a picnic hosted by a mutual friend.
Melville had just read Hawthorne's short story collection Mosses from an Old
Manse, which Melville later praised in a famous review, "Hawthorne and His
Mosses." Subsequently the two struck up a correspondence initiated by
Melville. Melville's letters to Hawthorne provide insight into the composition
of how Melville developed his story of the great white whale and its nemesis
Captain Ahab, but Hawthorne's letters to Melville did not survive. The
correspondence ended shortly after Moby-Dick was published by Harper and
Brothers.
When
The Whale, first published in England in October 1851, was republished as
Moby-Dick in New York one month later, Melville dedicated the book to
Hawthorne, “in appreciation for his genius.” Similarities in The House of Seven
Gables and the Moby-Dick stories are known and noted in literary and passing
circles. The long lost responses to Melville would surely shed more light on
this comparison.
Edgar
Allan Poe, another contemporary, wrote important but unflattering reviews of
both Twice-Told Tales and Mosses from an Old Manse. Hawthorne's opinions of
Poe's work remains unknown.
Writings
Hawthorne
is best-known today for his many short stories (he called them
"tales") and his four major romances of 1850–1860: The Scarlet Letter
(1850), The House of the Seven Gables (1851), The Blithedale Romance (1852),
and The Marble Faun (1860). (A previous book-length romance, Fanshawe, was
published anonymously in 1828. Hawthorne would disown it in later life, going
so far as to implore friends who still owned copies to burn it.)
Before
publishing his first collection of tales in 1837, Hawthorne wrote scores of
short stories and sketches, publishing them anonymously or pseudonymously in
periodicals such as The New-England Magazine and The United States Democratic
Review. (The editor of the Democratic Review, John L. O'Sullivan, was a close
friend of Hawthorne's.) Only after collecting a number of his short stories
into the two-volume Twice-Told Tales in 1837 did Hawthorne begin to attach his
name to his works.
Much
of Hawthorne's work is set in colonial New England, and many of his short
stories have been read as moral allegories influenced by his Puritan
background. "Ethan Brand" (1850) tells the story of a lime-burner who
sets off to find the Unpardonable Sin, and in doing so, commits it. One of
Hawthorne's most famous tales, “The Birth-Mark” (1843), concerns a young doctor
who removes a birthmark from his wife's face, an operation which kills her.
Other well-known tales include "Rappaccini's Daughter" (1844),
"My Kinsman, Major Molineux" (1832), "The Minister's Black
Veil" (1836), "Ethan Brand" (1850) and "Young Goodman
Brown" (1835). "The Maypole of Merrymount" recounts a most
interesting encounter between the Puritans and the forces of anarchy and
hedonism. Tanglewood Tales (1853) was a re-writing some of the most famous of
the ancient Greek myths in a volume for children, for which the Tanglewood
estate in Stockbridge and music venue was named.
The
Scarlet Letter
With
mounting debt and a growing family, Hawthorne moved to Salem. A life-long
Democrat, political connections helped him land a job as a surveyor in the
Salem Custom House in 1846, providing his family some needed financial
security. However, when Whig President Zachary Taylor was elected, Hawthorne
lost his appointment due to political favoritism. The dismissal turned into a
blessing giving him time to write his masterpiece, The Scarlet Letter, the
story of two lovers who clashed with the Puritan moral law. The book was one of
the first mass-produced publications in the United States and its wide
distribution made Hawthorne famous
Themes
and analysis
The
Scarlet Letter, published in 1850, is one of the few American world classics.
It is generally considered to be Hawthorne's masterpiece. Set in Puritan New
England in the seventeenth century, the novel tells the story of Hester Prynne,
who gives birth after committing adultery, refusing to name the father. She
struggles to create a new life of repentance and dignity. Throughout, Hawthorne
explores the issues of grace, legalism, and guilt.
The
Scarlet Letter is framed in an introduction (called "The Custom
House") in which the writer, a stand-in for Hawthorne, purports to have
found documents and papers that substantiate the evidence concerning Prynne and
her situation. The narrator also claims that when he touched the letter it gave
off a "burning heat… as if the letter were not of red cloth, but red hot
iron." There remains no proof of a factual basis for the discovery in
"the Custom House."
Plot
summary
Hester
Prynne, the story's protagonist, is a young married woman whose husband was
presumed to have been lost at sea on the journey to the New World. She begins a
secret adulterous relationship with Arthur Dimmesdale, the highly regarded town
minister, and becomes pregnant with a daughter, whom she names Pearl. She is
then publicly vilified and forced to wear the scarlet letter "A" on
her clothing to identify her as an adulteress, but loyally refuses to reveal
the identity of her lover. She accepts the punishment with grace and refuses to
be defeated by the shame inflicted upon her by her society. Hester's virtue
becomes increasingly evident to the reader, while the self-described
"virtuous" community (especially the power structure) vilify her, and
are shown in varying states of moral decay and self-regard. Hester only
partially regains her community's favor through good deeds and an admirable
character by the end of her life.
Dimmesdale,
knowing that the punishment for his sin will be shame or execution, does not
admit his relationship with Prynne. In his role as minister he dutifully
pillories and interrogates Hester in the town square about her sin and the
identity of the father. He maintains his righteous image, but internally he is
dogged by his guilt and the shame for his weakness and hypocrisy. The work is
tinged with a heavy irony, as among the townspeople he receives admiration
while Hester receives social contempt, but for the reader the opposite is true.
Finally, Prynne's husband, Roger Chillingworth, reappears without disclosing
his identity to anyone but Hester. Suspecting the identity of Hester's partner,
he becomes Dimmesdale's caretaker and exacts his revenge by exacerbating his
guilt, while keeping him alive physically. Ultimately Dimmesdale—driven to full
public disclosure by his ill health—collapses and dies, delivering himself from
his earthly tormenter and personal anguish.
Influence
Nathaniel
Hawthorne, with contemporaries Melville and Whitman, broke from European
fictional conventions to forge a distinctly American literature. Hawthorne
understood that America's religious past informed the nation's life and
identity. He was absorbed by the enigma of evil and sought to clarify human responsibility
within the context of social and moral expectations.
Nathaniel
Hawthorne was born on July 4, 1804, in Salem, Massachusetts. His family, the
Hathornes, had lived in Salem since the seventeenth century. A descendent of
the Puritan judges William Hathorne and John Hathorne, a judge who oversaw the
Salem Witch Trials, Hawthorne chose to add the “w” to his name when he was in
his early twenties. Hawthorne grew up with his mother and uncles in Salem and
Raymond, Maine. His father, a ship’s captain, died of yellow fever in 1808.
Many of Hawthorne’s childhood poems and stories were concerned with sailing and
the sea. Hawthorne suffered temporary paralysis during his youth and studied
literature at home with the lexicographer Joseph Emerson Worcester. Hawthorne
then attended Bowdoin College from 1821 to 1825, where he wrote his early poems
and a novel. He was classmates with Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and they
developed a friendship later in life. Hawthorne moved back to Salem after
graduation.
While
best known for his novels, letters, and short stories, Hawthorne also wrote a
few poems, notably “The Ocean,” published in the Salem Gazette in 1825, and “Oh
Could I Raise the Darken’d Veil,” which appeared in 1820 in the Spectator, a
weekly newspaper that Hawthorne created and edited, starting in the summer of
that year.
Hawthorne
is best known for his four major romances: The Marble Faun (Ticknor, Reed,
& Fields, 1860); The Blithedale Romance (Ticknor, Reed, & Fields,
1852); The House of the Seven Gables (Ticknor, Reed, & Fields, 1851); and,
most importantly, The Scarlet Letter (Ticknor, Reed, & Fields, 1850). He
was also a successful short story writer. He gained fame when he published his
stories in the collection Twice-Told Tales (American Stationers Co., 1837).
During this period, Hawthorne began to attach his own name to his prose. His
best-known works are “Ethan Brand” (Ticknor, Reed, & Fields, 1850); “The
Birth-Mark,” published in James Russell Lowell’s literary periodical, The
Pioneer, in 1843; “Young Goodman Brown,” published in The New-England Magazine
in 1835; and “My Kinsman, Major Molineux,” published in the illustrated gift
book The Token and Atlantic Souvenir in 1832.
In
1986 Hawthorne was inducted into The American Poets’ Corner, joining the
symbolic American pantheon of letters, alongside Robert Frost, the first
twentieth-century poet to be inducted. Hawthorne was also recognized and
admired by his contemporaries. Herman Melville gave Hawthorne’s short stories
rave reviews, in addition to dedicating Moby Dick to him. However, Melville’s
view of Hawthorne soured later in life, and Melville presented him
unflatteringly in his poem “Clarel.” Longfellow wrote a review of Twice-Told
Tales, in which he called Hawthorne a “new star” who wrote with “the heaven of
poetry.” Henry James wrote a biographical critical essay on Hawthorne,
describing him as “a beautiful, natural, original genius […] no one has had
just that vision of life, and no one has had a literary form that more
successfully expressed his vision […] he was not simply a poet. He combined in
a singular degree the spontaneity of the imagination with a haunting care for
moral problems. Man’s conscience was his theme, but he saw it in the light of a
creative fancy which added, out of its own substance, an interest, and, I may
almost say, an importance.”
Hawthorne
died on May 19, 1864, in Plymouth, New Hampshire, while on a mountain tour with
Pierce. Hawthorne is buried at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Concord
Poems
Nathaniel
Hawthorne was born on July 4, 1804, in Salem, Massachusetts. His family, the
Hathornes, had lived in Salem since the seventeenth century. A descendent of
the Puritan judges William Hathorne and John Hathorne, a judge who oversaw the
Salem Witch Trials, Hawthorne chose to add the “w” to his name when he was in
his early twenties. Hawthorne grew up with his mother and uncles in Salem and
Raymond, Maine. His father, a ship’s captain, died of yellow fever in 1808.
Many of Hawthorne’s childhood poems and stories were concerned with sailing and
the sea. Hawthorne suffered temporary paralysis during his youth and studied
literature at home with the lexicographer Joseph Emerson Worcester. Hawthorne
then attended Bowdoin College from 1821 to 1825, where he wrote his early poems
and a novel. He was classmates with Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and they
developed a friendship later in life. Hawthorne moved back to Salem after
graduation.
While
best known for his novels, letters, and short stories, Hawthorne also wrote a
few poems, notably “The Ocean,” published in the Salem Gazette in 1825, and “Oh
Could I Raise the Darken’d Veil,” which appeared in 1820 in the Spectator, a
weekly newspaper that Hawthorne created and edited, starting in the summer of
that year.
Hawthorne
is best known for his four major romances: The Marble Faun (Ticknor, Reed,
& Fields, 1860); The Blithedale Romance (Ticknor, Reed, & Fields,
1852); The House of the Seven Gables (Ticknor, Reed, & Fields, 1851); and,
most importantly, The Scarlet Letter (Ticknor, Reed, & Fields, 1850). He
was also a successful short story writer. He gained fame when he published his
stories in the collection Twice-Told Tales (American Stationers Co., 1837).
During this period, Hawthorne began to attach his own name to his prose. His
best-known works are “Ethan Brand” (Ticknor, Reed, & Fields, 1850); “The
Birth-Mark,” published in James Russell Lowell’s literary periodical, The
Pioneer, in 1843; “Young Goodman Brown,” published in The New-England Magazine
in 1835; and “My Kinsman, Major Molineux,” published in the illustrated gift
book The Token and Atlantic Souvenir in 1832.
In
1986 Hawthorne was inducted into The American Poets’ Corner, joining the
symbolic American pantheon of letters, alongside Robert Frost, the first
twentieth-century poet to be inducted. Hawthorne was also recognized and
admired by his contemporaries. Herman Melville gave Hawthorne’s short stories
rave reviews, in addition to dedicating Moby Dick to him. However, Melville’s
view of Hawthorne soured later in life, and Melville presented him
unflatteringly in his poem “Clarel.” Longfellow wrote a review of Twice-Told
Tales, in which he called Hawthorne a “new star” who wrote with “the heaven of
poetry.” Henry James wrote a biographical critical essay on Hawthorne,
describing him as “a beautiful, natural, original genius […] no one has had
just that vision of life, and no one has had a literary form that more
successfully expressed his vision […] he was not simply a poet. He combined in
a singular degree the spontaneity of the imagination with a haunting care for
moral problems. Man’s conscience was his theme, but he saw it in the light of a
creative fancy which added, out of its own substance, an interest, and, I may
almost say, an importance.”
In
1838 Hawthorne became engaged to his future wife, illustrator Sophia Peabody.
While his writing often brought him satisfying recognition, it secured him very
little income and Hawthorne often struggled to make ends meet, taking various
positions throughout his life. As he said in 1820: “I have almost given up
writing Poetry […] No Man can be a Poet & a Book-Keeper at the same time.”
Hawthorne sought work at the Boston Custom House in 1839, as well as at the
agricultural cooperative Brook Farm in 1841. By 1842 Hawthorne’s writing
provided enough income for him to marry Sophia, and they settled for three
years in Concord, Massachusetts. Hawthorne’s neighbors were Ralph Waldo
Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and the philosopher and educator Bronson Alcott,
making the village the leading center of Transcendentalism. While Hawthorne
associated with the thinkers and shared many of their philosophies, he
preferred the company of Franklin Pierce, his old college friend, who later
became the fourteenth U.S. president. Hawthorne wrote a campaign biography on
Pierce, titled Life of Franklin Pierce (Ticknor, Reed, & Fields, 1852). When
Pierce became president in 1853, Hawthorne was given the position of U.S.
consul in Liverpool. He resigned in 1857 and spent his later years traveling in
France and Italy and writing.
Books
In
Colonial Days , Septimius Felton , The Blithedale Romance , The House of Seven
Gables , The Marble Faun , The Scarlet Letter
Short
Stories
An
Old Woman's Tale , A Rill from the Town-Pump , Benjamin Franklin ,
Chippings
with a Chisel , Circe's Palace , David Swan , Dr. Heidegger's Experiment , Drowne's
Wooden Image , Edward Fane's Rosebud , Egotism; or, The Bosom Serpent , Endicott
and the Red Cross , Ethan Brand , Fancy's Show-Box , Feathertop , Fire Worship
, Footprints on the Seashore , Graves and Goblins , How Theseus Slays the
Minotaur , John Inglefield's Thanksgiving , Legends of the Province House: I.
Howe's Masquerade , Legends of the Province House: II. Edward Randolph's
Portrait , Legends of the Province House: III. Lady Eleanore's Mantle , Legends
of the Province House: IV. Old Esther Dudley , Little Annie's Ramble , Monsieur
du Miroir
Mosses
from an Old Manse , Mr. Higginbotham's Catastrophe , Mrs. Bullfrog
My
Kinsman, Major Molineux , Night-Sketches , Oliver Cromwell , Passages from a
Relinquished Work , Pegasus, The Winged Horse , Peter Goldthwaite's Treasure , Rappaccini's
Daughter , Roger Malvin's Burial , Sights from a Steeple , Sir Isaac Newton , Sketches
from Memory , Snowflakes , Sunday At Home , The Ambitious Guest , The Antique
Ring , The Artist of the Beautiful ,
The
Birthmark , The Boston Massacre , The Canterbury Pilgrims , The Celestial
Railroad , The Chimaera , The Christmas Banquet , The Devil in Manuscript , The
Dragon's Teeth , The Gentle Boy , The Ghost of Dr. Harris ,
The
Golden Fleece , The Golden Touch , The Gorgon's Head , The Gray Champion , The
Great Carbuncle , The Great Stone Face , The Hall of Fantasy , The Haunted Mind
, The Hollow of the Three Hills , The Intelligence Office , The Lilly's Quest ,
The Maypole of Merry Mount , The Minister's Black Veil , The Minotaur , The New
Adam and Eve , The Old Apple-Dealer ,
The
Paradise of Children , The Pomegranate Seeds , The Procession of Life ,
The
Prophetic Pictures , The Pygmies , The Seven Vagabonds , The Shaker Bridal , The
Sister-Years , The Snow Image: A Childish Miracle , The Threefold Destiny , The
Three Golden Apples , The Toll-Gatherer's Day ,
The
Village Uncle , The Vision of the Fountain , The Wayside. Introductory. ,
The
Wedding Knell , The White Old Maid , The Wives of the Dead , Wakefield , Young
Goodman Brown
Poems
Address
to the Moon , Earthly Pomp , Go to the Grave , Oh Could I Raise the Darken'd
Veil
Essays
Buds
and Bird-Voices
My
Visit to Niagara
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