5- ] Model SAT Tests - Test Five

5 - ] Model SAT Tests

 

Test 5

1 . Read each of the passages below , and then answer the questions that follow the passage , the correct response may be stated outright or merely suggested in the passage .

            Thomas Hobbes , who lived during the English Civil War ( 1642 - 1646 ) believed that a world without government would inevitably be a war of every man against every man . His view of human nature was so bleak that he could not imagine people living in peace without an all-powerful government to constrain their actions . John Locke , writing nearly forty years later , had a more optimistic impression of human nature . While he , like Hobbes , envisioned that a world without government would suffer disorder , he described this disorder as merely an “inconvenience” .

1 . The first two sentences of the passage serve primarily to

(A) illustrate the physical damage done to Thomas Hobbes by the English Civil War

(B) demonstrate the need for government to function as a restraining influence

(C)  present the thinking of a political theorist

(D) argue in favor of the world view held by John Locke

(E) emphasize the author’s pacifist beliefs

2 . The author does all of the following EXCEPT

(A) establish a time frame

(B) contrast two differing viewpoints

(C) make an assertion

(D) refute an argument

(E) quote a source

3 . The passage would most likely be of interest primarily to a student of

(A) anthropology  (B) behavioral psychology  (C) economic theory  (D) military history

(E) political philosophy

The questions that follow the next two passages relate to the content of both , and to their relationship . The correct response may be stated outright in the passage or merely suggested .

 The following passages are excerpted from recent works that discuss the survival of the city in our time . Passage I was written by a literary critic and scholar : Passage 2 , by an urban planner and sociologist .

Passage 1

            When musing on cities over time and in our time , from the first ( whenever it was ) to today , we must always remember that cities are artifacts . Forests , jungles , deserts , plains ,oceans - the organic environment is born and dies and is reborn endlessly , beautifully , and completely without moral constraint or ethical control . But cities - despite the metaphors that we apply to them from biology or nature ( “The city dies when industry flees” : “The neighborhoods are the vital cells of the urban organism” ) , despite the sentimental or anthropomorphic devices we use to describe cities - are artificial . Nature has never made a city , and what Nature makes that may seem like a city - an anthill , for instance - only seems like one . It is not a city .

            Human beings made and make cities , and only human beings kill cities , or let them die . And human beings do both - make cities and unmake them - by the same means : by acts of choice . We enjoy deluding ourselves in this as in other things . We enjoy believing that there are forces out there completely determining our fate , natural forces or forces so strong and overwhelming as to be like natural forces - that send cities through organic or biological phases of birth , growth , and decay . We avoid the knowledge that cities are at best works of art , and at worst ungainly artifacts - but never flowers or even weeds - and that we , not some mysterious force or cosmic biological system , control the creation and life of a city .

            We control the creation and life of a city by the choices and agreements we make - the basic choice being , for instance , not to live alone , the basic agreement being to live together .When people choose to settle ,like the stars , not wander like the moon , they create cities as sites and symbols of their choice to stop and their agreement not to separate . Now stasis and proximity , not movement and distance , define human relationships . Mutual defense , control of a river or harbor , shelter from natural forces - all these and other reasons may lead people to aggregate , but once congregated , they then live differently and become different .

            A city is not an extended family . That is a tribe or clan . A city is a collection of disparate families who agree to a fiction . They agree to live as if they were as close in blood or ties of kinship as in fact they are in physical proximity . Choosing life in an artifact , people agree to live in a state of similitude . A city is a place where ties of proximity , activity ,and self-interest assume the role of family ties .It is a considerable pact , a city . If a family is an expression of continuity through biology , a city is an expression of continuity through will and imagination - through mental choices making artifice , not through physical reproduction .  

Passage 2

          It is because of this centrality [ of the city ] that of financial markets have stayed put . It had been widely forecast that they would move out en masse , financial work being among the most quantitative and computerized of functions .A lot of the back-office work has been relocated . The main business , however , is not record keeping and support services ; it is people sizing up other people , and the center is the place for that .

           The problems ,of course , are immense . To be an optimist about the city , one must believe that it will lurch from crisis to crisis but somehow survive . Utopia is nowhere in sight and probably never will be . The city is too mixed up for that . Its strengths and its ills are inextricably bound together . The same concentration that makes the center efficient is the cause of its crowding and the destruction of its sun and its light and its scale . Many of the city’s problems , furthermore , are external in origin - for example , the cruel demographics of peripheral growth , which are difficult enough to forecast ,let alone do anything about .

           What had been taking place is a broad simplification > The city has been losing those fractions for which it is no longer competitive . Manufacturing has moved toward the periphery : the back offices are on the way . The computers are already there . But as the city has been losing functions it has been reasserting its most ancient one : a place where people come together , face-to-face .

           More than ever , the center is the place for news and gossip , for the creation of ideas , for marketing them and swiping them , for hatching deals , for starting parades . This is the stuff of the public life of the city - by no means wholly admirable , often abrasive , noisy , contentious , without apparent purpose .

           But this human congress it the genius of the place ,its reason for being , its great marginal edge . This is the engine , the city’s true export . Whatever makes this congress easier , more spontaneous , more enjoyable is not at all a frill It is the heart of the center of the city .   

4 . The author’s purpose in Passage I is primarily to      

(A) identify the sources of popular discontent with cities

(B) define the city as growing out of a social contract

(C) illustrate the difference between cities and villages

(D) compare cities with blood families

(E) persuade the reader to change his or her behavior

5 . The author cites the underlined  sentence “The neighborhoods are the vital cells of the urban organism” as 

(A) an instance of prevarication

(B) a simple statement of scientific fact

(C) a momentary digression from his central thesis

(D) an example of one type of figurative language  

(E) a paradox with ironic implications

6 . The author’s attitude toward the statements quoted in ( lines 5 - 6 ) is   

(A) respectful  (B) ambivalent  (C) pragmatic  (D) skeptical (E) approving

7 . According to the author of Passage 1 , why is an anthill by definition unlike a city ? 

(A) It can be casually destroyed by human beings .

(B) Its inhabitants outnumber the inhabitants of even the largest city

(C) It is the figurative equivalent of a municipality

(D) It is a work of instinct rather than of imagination .

(E) It exists on a far smaller scale than any city does .

8 . Mutual defense , control of waterways , and shelter from forces of nature ( paragraph three ) are presented primarily as examples of motives for people to    

(A) move away from their enemies

(B) build up their supplies of armament

(C) gather together in settlements

(D) welcome help from their kinfolk

(E) redefine their family relationships

9 . We can infer from paragraph three - lines 2 - 4 that moving tribes differ from city dwellers in that these nomads    

(A) have not chosen to settle in one spot

(B) lack ties of activity and self-interest

(C) are willing to let the cities die

(D) have no need for mutual defense

(E)define their relationships by proximity

10 . By saying a city “is a considerable pact “ in paragraph four” the author stresses primarily   

(A) a city ‘s essential significance

(B) a city’s speculative nature

(C) a city’s inevitable agreement

(D) a city’s moral constraints

(E) a city’s surprising growth

11 . To the author of Passage 1 , to live in a city is  

(A) an unexpected outcome

(B) an opportunity for profit

(C) an act of volition

(D) a pragmatic solution

(E) an inevitable fate

12. In passage 2 , underlying the forecast mentioned in the first paragraph is the assumption that  

(A) the financial markets are similar to the city in their need for quantitative data

(B) computerized tasks such as record keeping can easily be performed at remote sites

(C) computerized functions are not the main activity of financial markets

(D) the urban environment is inappropriate for the proper performance of financial calculations

(E) either the markets would all move or none of them would relocate

13 . The underlined word “scale” in Passage 2  paragraph two means

(A) series of musical tones

(B) measuring instrument  

(C) relative dimensions

(D) thin outer layer

(E) means of ascent

14 . The “congress” referred to in Passage 2 , the last paragraph is

(A) a city council

(B) the supreme legislative body

(C) a gathering of individuals

(D) an enjoyable luxury

(E) an intellectual giant

15 . the author of Passage 2 differs from the author of Passage 1 in that he  

(A) argues in favor of choosing to live alone

(B) disapproves of relocating support services to the outskirts of the city

(C) has no patience with the harshness inherent in public life

(D) believes that in the long run the city as we know it will not survive

(E) is more outspoken about the city’s difficulties

16 . Compared to Passage 1 , Passage 2 is

(A) more lyrical and less pragmatic

(B) more impersonal and less colloquial

(C) more sentimental and less definitive

(D) more practical and less detached

(E) more objective and less philosophical  

4 - ] Model SAT Tests - Test Four

4 - ] Model SAT Tests

 

Test 4

1 . Read each of the passages below , and then answer the questions that follow the passage , the correct response may be stated outright or merely suggested in the passage .

Questions 1 - 2 are based on the following passage .

            The Rosetta Stone ! What a providential find that was . And what a remarkable set of circumstances it took for people to be able to read Egyptian hieroglyphics after a hiatus of some 1400 years . It even took a military campaign . In 1798 , Napoleon Bonaparte’s army attacked British-held Egypt , seeking to cut off England from the riches of the Middle East . Rebuilding a fortress , a French soldier uncovered a block of basalt inscribed with writing in three distinct scripts ; Greek , demotic script ( an everyday cursive form of Egyptian ) , and Egyptian hieroglyphs . At that moment , modern Egyptology began .

1 . The primary purpose of lines 1 - 3 is to

(A) describe the physical attributes of an artifact

(B) underscore the difficulty of translating ancient texts

(C) indicate a new direction for linguistic research

(D) qualify an excessively sweeping generalization

(E) emphasize the unusual background of a discovery

2 .The author’s tone in writing of the discovery of the Rosetta Stone can best be characterized as

(A) ironic  (B) enthusiastic  (C) condescending  (D) nostalgic (E) objective

Questions 3 - 4 are based on the following passage .

            A portrait of the Artist as a Young Man recounts the tale of Stephen Dedalus , a sensitive young Dubliner . As a child , he suffers because of his classmates’ cruelty , his Jesuit teachers’ authoritarianism , and his country’s political turmoil . Growing older , Stephen becomes increasingly isolated from his friends , his church , and his country , viewing them all as heartless and hypocritical . Intent on becoming a writer , he eventually concludes he must sever all ties - family , friends , church , and country - to achieve fulfillment as an artist . The hero must leave Ireland ,leave the Church  , to set off alone “to forge in the sanity of [ his ] soul the uncreated conscience of [ his ] race .”

3 . The passage as a whole suggests that achieving ‘fulfillment as an artist” (  lines 6 - 7 ) might best be characterized as

(A) a modest accomplishment

(B) a worthwhile endeavor

(C) an unrealistic goal

(D)  a painful process

(E) a passing phase

4 . As used in the passage , the word “forge” most nearly means

(A) counterfeit (B) fashion  (C) duplicate  (D) alter  (E)  melt

Questions 5 - 12 are based on the following passage .

In this excerpt from a novel , Catherine’s Aunt Lavinia comes to make her home with Catherine and her father and becomes involved in Catherine’s upbringing

            When the child was about ten years old , he invited his sister , Mrs. Penniman , to come and stay with him . His sister Lavinia had married a poor clergyman , of a sickly constitution and a flowery style of eloquence , and then , at the age of thirty-three , had been left a widow - without children , without fortune - with nothing but the memory of Mr. Penniman’s flowers of speech , a certain vague aroma of which hovered about her own conversation . Nevertheless , he had offered her a home under his own roof , which Lavinia accepted with the alacrity of a woman who had spent the ten years of her married life in the town of Poughkeepsie . The Doctor had not proposed to Mrs. Penniman to come and live with him indefinitely ; he had suggested that she should make an asylum of his house while she looked about for unfurnished lodings . It is uncertain whether Mrs. Penniman ever instituted a search for unfurnished lodgings , but it is beyond dispute that she never found them . She settled herself with her brother and never went away , and , when Catherine was twenty years old , her Aunt Lavinia was still one of the most striking features of her immediate entourage . Mrs. Penniman’s own account of the matter was that she had remained to take charge of her niece’s education . She had given this account , at least , to everyone but the Doctor , who never asked for explanations which he could entertain himself any day with inventing . Mrs. Penniman , moreover , though she had a good deal of a certain sort of artificial assurance , shrunk , for indefinable reasons , from presenting herself to her brother as a fountain of instruction . She had not a high sense of humor , but she had enough to prevent her from making this mistake , and her brother , on his side , had enough to excuse her , in her situation , for laying him under contribution during a considerable part of a lifetime . He therefore assented tacitly to the proposition which Mrs. Penniman had tacitly laid down , that it was of importance that the poor motherless girl should have a brilliant woman near her . His assent could only be tacit , for he had never been dazzled by his sister’s intellectual luster . Save when he fell in love with Catherine Harrington , he had never been dazzled , indeed , by any feminine characteristics whatever , and though he was to a certain extent what nis called a ladies’ doctor , his private opinion of the more complicated sex was not exalted . He nevertheless , at the end of six months , accepted his sister’s permanent presence as an accomplished fact , and as Catherine grew older ,perceived that there were in effect good reasons why she should have a companion of her own imperfect sex . He was extremely polite to Lavinia , scrupulously , formally polite ; and she had never seen him in anger but once in her life , when he lost his temper in a theological discussion with her late husband . With herhe never discussed theology , nor , indeed , discussed anything ;he contented himself wjth making known , very distinctly in the form of a lucid ultimatum his wishes with regard to Catherine .

            Once , when the girl was about twelve years old , he had said to her -------

“Try and make a clever woman of her , Lavinia :I should like her to be a clever woman .” Mrs. Penniman , at this ,looked thoughtful a moment . “My dear Austin ,” she then inquired , “do you think it is better to be clever than to be good ?”

               From this assertion Mrs. Penniman saw no reason to dissent ; she possibly reflected that her own great use in the world was owing to her aptitude for many things .

               “Of course I wish Catherine to be good ,” the Doctor said next day : “but she won’t be any the less virtuous for not being a fool . I am not afraid of her being wicked ; she will never have the salt of malice in her character . She is ‘as good as good bread,’ as the French say ; but six years hence I don’t want to have to compare her to good bread- and-butter .”

            “Are you afraid she will be insipid ? My dear brother , it is I who supply the butter ; so you need not fear !” said Mrs. Penniman , who had taken in hand the child’s accomplishments,” overlooking her at the piano , where Catherine displayed a certain talent , and going with her to the dancing-class , where it must be confessed that she made but a modest figure .

5 . The word “ constitution” in line 3 means

(A) establishment  (B) charter  (C) ambience  (D) physique  (E) wit

6 . From the description of how Mrs. Penniman came to live in her brother’s home ( lines 1 - 8 ) we may infer all of the following EXCEPT that       

(A) she readily became dependent on her brother  

(B) she was married at the age of twenty-three

(C) she was physically delicate and in ill health  

(D) she had not found living in Poughkeepsie particularly gratifying

(E) she occasionally echoed an ornate manner of speech

7 .  The word “asylum” in line 9 means        

(A) institution (B) sanitarium  (C) refuge  (D) sanction  (E) shambles

8 . In the passage the Doctor is portrayed most specially as      

(A) benevolent and retiring

(B) casual and easy-going

(C) sadly ineffectual

(D) civil but imperious

(E) habitually irate

9 . Lines 17 - 19 introduce which aspect of the Doctor’s and Mrs. Penniman’s relationship ?    

(A) Their mutual admiration

(B) The guilt bMrs. Penniman feels about imposing on him

(C) The Doctor’s burdensome sense or responsibility

(D) His inability to excuse her shortcomings

(E) Her relative lack of confidence in dealing with him

10 . The reason the Doctor gives only tacit assent to Mrs. Penniman’s excuse for living with him is that he       

(A) actually regrets ever having allowed her to move in

(B) does not believe in his sister’s purported brilliance

(C) objects to her taking part in his daughter’s education

(D) is unable to reveal the depth of his respect for her

(E) does not wish to embarrass his sister with his praise

11 . It can be inferred that the Doctor views children primarily as       

(A) a source of joy and comfort in old age

(B) innocent sufferers for the sins of their fathers

(C) clay to be molded into an acceptable image

(D) the chief objective of the married state

(E) their parents’ sole chance for immortality

12 . The underlined word ‘reflected’ means       

(A) mirrored  (B) glittered  (C) considered  (D) indicated  (E) reproduced

13 .  The Underlined Doctor’s analogy to “good bread-and-butter” is used to emphasize     

(A) the wholesomeness of Catherine’s character

(B) his fear that his daughter may prove virtuous but uninteresting

(C) the discrepancy between Catherine’s nature and her education

(D) his hostility toward his sister’s notions of proper diet

(E) his appreciation of the simple things in life

14 . The underlined word “overlooking” means       

(A) ignoring  (B) slighting  (C) forgiving  (D) watching over  (E) towering above

15 . Mrs. Penniman’s opinion of her ability to mold Catherine successfully (  in the last paragraph ) can best be described as      

(A)  characteristically modest

(B) moderately ambivalent

(C) atypically judicious

(D) unrealistically optimistic

(E) cynically dispassionate

16 . The remarks about Catherine in the last paragraph reveal her      

(A) limited skill as a dancer

(B) virtuosity as a pianist

(C) shyness with her dancing partners

(D) indifference to cleverness

(E) reluctance to practice

3 - ] Model SAT Tests - Test Three

3- ] Model SAT Tests

 

Test 3

Select the best answer to each of the following questions ; then blacken the appropriate space on your answer sheet .

1 . Like foolish people who continue to live near an active volcano , many of us are ----------

about the -----------of atomic warfare .

(A) worried ----possibility

(B) unconcerned --- threat

(C) excited --- power

(D) cheered --- possession

(E) irritated --- news

2 . By communicating through pointing and making gestures , Charles was able to overcame any ---------- difficulties that arose during his recent trip to Japan .

(A) peripatetic (B) linguistic (C) plausible  (D) monetary (E) territorial

3 . In order that future generations may ------------ the great diversity of animal life , it is the task of the International Wildlife Preservation Commission to prevent endangered species from becoming ----------------- .

(A) recollect --- tamed

(B) value --- evolved

(C) enjoy --- extinct

(D) anticipate --- specialized

(E) appreciate --- widespread

4 . We find it difficult to translate a foreign text literally because we cannot capture the -----

of the original passage exactly .

(A) novelty (B) succinctness (C) connotations (D) ambivalence (E) alienation

5 . It is remarkable that a man so in the public eye , so highly praised and imitated , can retain his ------------ .

(A) magniloquence (B) dogmas (C) bravado (D) idiosyncracies (E) humility

6 . For all the ---------- involved in the study of seals , we Arctic researchers have occasional moments of pure --------------- over some new discovery .

(A) tribulations -----despair

(B) hardships --- exhilaration

(C) confusions ---bewilderment

(D) inconvenience --- panic

(E) thrills --- delight

7 . Despite the growing -------------of Hispanic actors in the American theater , many Hispanic experts feel that the Spanish-speaking population is ------------ on the stage .

(A) decrease --- inappropriate

(B) emergence --- visible

(C) prominence --- underrepresented

(D) skill --- alienated

(E) number --- misdirected

8 . As a sportscaster , Gaspar was apparently never-------------; he made -----------comments about every boxing match he covered .

(A) excited ---hysterical

(B) relevant---- pertinent

(C) satisfied --- disparaging

(D) amazed--- awe-struck

(E) impressed --- laudatory

9 . Even critics who do not ----------------Robin Williams’ interpretation of the part ---------him as an inventive comic actor who has made a serious attempt to come to terms with one of the most challenging roles of our time .

(A) dissent from --- dismiss

(B) cavil at --- welcome

(C) agree with ---- denounce

(D) recoil from --- deride

(E) concur with --- acknowledge

2 - ] Model SAT Tests - Test Two

2 - ]Model SAT Tests 

Test 2

1 . Read each of the passages below , and then answer the questions that follow the passage , the correct response may be stated outright or merely suggested in the passage .

Questions 1 - 6 are based on the following passage .

The following passage discusses so-called hot spots , regions of unusual volcanic activity that record the passage of plates over the face of Earth . According to one theory , these hot spots may also contribute to the fracturing of continents and the formation of new oceans .

 Although by far the majority of the world’s active volcanoes are located along the boundaries of the great shifting plates that make up Earth’s surface ,  more than 100 isolated areas of volcanic activity occur far from the nearest plate boundary . Geologists call these volcanic areas hot spots or mantle plumes . Many of these sources of magma ( the red-hot , molten material within Earth’s crust , out of which igneous rock is formed ) lie deep in the interior of a plate . These so-called intra-plate volcanoes often from roughly linear volcanic chains , traits of extinct volcanoes . The Hawaiian Islands ,perhaps the best known example of an intra-plate volcanic chain , came into being when the northwest-moving Pacific plate passed over a relatively stationary hot spot and in doing so initiated this magma-generation and volcano-formation process . Such a volcanic chain serves as a landmark signaling the slow but inexorable passage of the plates .

            No theorist today would deny that the plates do move . Satellites anchored in space record the minute movement of fixed sites on Earth , thereby confirming the motions of the plates . They show Africa and South America drawing away from each other , as new lithospheric material wells up in the sea floor between them in the phenomenon known as sea-floor spreading . That the two coastlines complement one another is beyond dispute ; a cursory glance at the map reveals the common geological features that link these separate shores , reminders of an age eons past when the two continents were joined . In 1963 the Canadian geophysicist J. Tuzo Wilson asserted that , while Earth scientists have constructed the relative motion of the plates carrying the continents in detail , “ the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to Earth’s interior .” For this reason , scientists were unable to determine whether both continents were moving ( diverging in separate directions ) or whether one continent was motionless while the other was drifting away from it . Wilson hypothesized that hot spots , fixed in Earth’s depths , could provide the necessary information to settle the question . Using hot spots as a fixed frame of reference , Wilson concluded that the African plate was motionless and that it had exhibited no movement for 30 million years .

             Wilson’s hot-spot hypothesis goes well beyond this somewhat limited role . He conceives that hot spots as playing a major part in influencing the movements of the continental plates . As he wrote in his seminal essay in Scientific American .  “When a continental plate comes to rest over a hot spot , the material welting up from deeper layers creates a broad dome . As the dome grows it develops deep fissures ;in at least a few cases the continent may rupture entirely along some of these fissures , so that the hot spot initiates the formation of new ocean .” The hot spot , flaring up from Earth’s deepest core , may someday cast new light on the continents’ mutability .

1 . The term “hot spot” is being used in the passage

( A) rhetorically   (B) colloquially  ( C) technically (D) ambiguously ( E) ironically

2 . The author regards the theory that the plates making up the earth’s surface move as

( A) tentative  (B) irrefutable ( C) discredited (D) unanimous ( E) relative

3 . According to the passage , which of the following statements indicate(s) that Africa and South America once adjoined one another ?

1. They share certain common topographic traits .

11 . Their shorelines are physical counterparts .

111 . The African plate has been stationary for 30 million years .

( A) 1 only (B) 11 only ( C) 1 and 11 only  (D) 11 and 111 only  ( E) 1 , 11 , and 111

4 . The underlined word ‘constructed’ most nearly means  

( A) interpreted   (B) built  ( C) impeded  (D) restricted  ( E) refuted

5 . According to Wilson , the hot spot hypothesis eventually may prove useful in interpreting 

( A) the boundaries of the plates

(B) the depth of the ocean floor

C) the relative motion of the plates

(D) current satellite technology

( E) major changes in continental shape

6 . In maintaining the fissures in an up-well dome can result in the formation of a new ocean in the third paragraph , Wilson has assumed which of the following points ?

( A) The fissures are located directly above a hot spot .

(B) The dome is broader than the continent upon which it rests ?

( C) The oceanic depths are immutable .

(D) The fissures cut across the continent , splitting it .

( E) No such fissures exist on the ocean floor .

Questions 7 - 15 are based on the following passage .

The following passage is taken from an essay on Southwestern Native American art .

            Among the Plains Indians , two separate strains of decorative art evolved : the figurative , representational art created by themen of the tribe , and the geometric , abstract art crafted by the women . According to Dunn and Highwater , the artist’s sex governed both the kind of article to be decorated and the style to e followed in its ornamentation . Thus , the decorative works created by tribesmen consistently depict living creatures ( men , horses , buffalo ) or magical beings ( ghosts and other supernatural life-forms ) . Those created by women , however , are clearly nonrepresentational : no figures of men or animals appear in this classically geometric art .

             Art historians theorize that this abstract , geometric art , traditionally prerogative of the women ,predates the figurative art of the men . Descending from those aspects of Woodland culture that gave rise to weaving , quillwork , and beadwork , it is utilitarian art , intended for the embellishment of ordinary , serviceable objects such as parfleche boxes

( cases made of rawhide ) , saddlebags , and hide robes . The abstract designs combine classical geometric figures into formal patterns : a ring of narrow isosceles triangles arranged on the background of a large central circle creates the well-known “feather and circle” pattern . Created in bold primary colors ( red , yellow , blue ) , sometimes black or green , and often outlined in dark paint or glue size , these nonrepresentational dsigns are nonetheless intricately detailed .

            Although the abstract decorations crafted by the women are virtually striking , they pale in significance when compared to the narrative compositions created by the men . Created to tell a story , these works were generally heroic in nature , and were intended to commemorate a bold and courageous exploit or a spiritual awakening . Unlike realistic portrait6s , the artworks emphasized action , not physical likeness . Highwater describes their making as follows : “These representational works were generally drafted by a greoup of men - often the individuals who had performed the deeds being recorde3d - who drew on untailored hide robes and tepee liners made of skins . The paintings usually filled the entire field : often they were conceived at different times as separate pictorial vignettes documenting specific actions . In relationship to each other , these vignettes suggest a narrative.”

         The tribesmen’s narrative artwork depicted not only warlike deeds butalso mystic dreams and vision quests . Part of the young male’s rite of passage into tribal adulthood involved his discovering his own personal totem or symbolic guardian . By fasting or by consuming hallucinatory substances , the youth opened himself to the revelation of his “mystery object.” a symbol that could protect him from both natural and supernatural dangers .

         What had been in the early 1700s a highly individulatistic ,personal iconography changed into something very different by the early nineteenth century . As Anglos came west in ever greater numbers , they brought with them new materials and new ideas . Just as European glass beads came to replace native porcupine quills in the women’s applied designs , cloth enentually became used as a substitute for animal hides . The emphasis of Plains artwork shifted as well tribespeople came to create works that celebrated the solidarity of Indians as a group rather than their prowess as individuals .

7 . Which of the following titles best summarizes the content of the passage ?

(A) The Ongoing Influence of Plains Indians Art

(B) Male and Female in Tribal Life  

( C) Indian Art as Narrative and Dream

(D) Design Specialization in Plains Art

(E) The History of Indian Representational Art

8 . The author cites examples of the work of Plains artists primarily to                        

(A) show the differences between male and female decorative styles

(B) emphasize the functional role of art in Indian life

( C) describe the techniques employed in the creation of particular orks

(D) illustrate the changes made by Anglo Influence on Plains art

(E) explore the spiritual significance of representational design

9 . The underlined word “strains” in line ` means     

(A) tunes (B) pressures  ( C) varieties (D) injuries (E) impressions

10 . In the second paragraph , weaving , quillwork , and beadwork are presented as examples of

(A) male dominated decorative arts

(B) uninspired products of artisans

( C) geometrically based crafts

(D) unusual applications of artistic theories

(E) precursors of representational design

11 . With which of the following statements regarding male Plains artists prior to 1800 would be author most likely agree ?

1 . They tended to work collaboratively on projects .

11 . They believed art had power to ward off danger.

111 . hey derived their designs from classical forms .

(A) 1 only (B) 111 only  ( C) 1 and 11 only  (D) 11 and 111 only  (E) 1 , 11 , and 111

12 . As used in paragraph three ,”drefted” most nearly means

(A) selected  (B) recruited  ( C) endorsed  (D) sketched  (E) ventilated

13 . According to the passage , dream visions were important to the Plains artist because they

(A) enabled them to foresee influences on his style.

(B) suggested the techniques and methods of his art

( C) determined his individual aesthetic philosophy

(D) expressed his sense of tribal solidarity

(E) revealed the true form of his spiritual guardian

14 . In its narrative aspect , Plains art resembles LEAST

(A) a cartoon strip made up of several panels

(B) a prtrail bust of a chieftain in full headdress

( C) an epic recounting the adventures of a legendary hero

(D) a dhapter from the autobiography of a prominent leader

(E) a mural portraying scenes from the life of Martin Luther King

15 . According to the last paragraph , the impact of the Anglo presence on Plains art can be seen in the

(A) growth of importance of geometric patterning

(B) dearth of hides available to Plains Indian artists

( C) shift from depicting individuals to depicting the community

(D) emphasis on dream visions as appropriate subject mat5ter for narrative art

(E) growing lack of belief that images could protect one from natural enemies