18- ] Spelling & Vocabulary Enrichment .
Speaking .
The verbs in the table describe how
loudly a person is speaking and also , often indicate mood . These verbs may be
followed by clauses beginning with ‘that’ .
verb
|
loudness
|
most likely mood
|
whisper
|
soft
|
|
murmur
|
soft
|
romantic or complaining
|
mumble
|
soft [ and unclear ]
|
nervous or insecure
|
mutter
|
soft
|
irritated
|
shout
|
loud
|
angry or excited
|
scream
|
loud [ usually without words ]
|
frightened or excited
|
shriek
|
loud [ and shrill ]
|
frightened or amused
|
stutter , stammer
|
neutral
|
nervous or excited
|
B-] The following verbs
indicate how the speaker feels .
verb patterns feeling verb patterns feeling
boast to
sb about st that proud on oneself complain to sb about st that displeased
insist on
st that determined maintain that confident
object that/
to + ing unhappy about situation confess that
/to+ ing repentant
threaten that
/to do st aggressive urge sb
/to do st encouraging
argue with
sb about, at / that not in agreement beg sb to do / at for st desperate
groan that despair , pain grumble about
st displeased
C-]To give an idea of the
way someone speaks and his / her feeling , you can use a speaking verb , pus an
adverb . For example , ‘He said ‘proudly’ . She spoke ‘angrily’ . This is most
common in written style . Some useful adverbs describing the way someone is
feeling while they are speaking .
If someone feels angry :
‘crossly’ , ‘furiously’ , ‘bitterly’ [ about something in the past ]
If someone feels unhappy
: ‘unhappily’ , ‘gloomily’ , ‘miserably’ , ‘sadly’
If someone feels happy :
‘happily’ , ‘cheerfully’ , ‘gladly’ , ‘hopefully’ , ‘eagerly’
If someone feels worried
: ‘anxiously’ , ‘nervously’, ‘desperately’ , ‘hopelessly’
Other useful adverbs are
‘boldly’ , ‘excitedly’ , ‘gratefully’ , ‘impatiently’ ,
‘passionately’ ,
‘reluctantly’ , ‘shyly’ , ‘sincerely’.
Health and medicine .
A-] What are your
symptoms :
- I’ve got a cold / a cough / a sore
throat / a temperature [ a higher temperature than normal ] / a stomach ache /
chest pains / earache / a pain in my side / a rash on my chest / spots / a
bruise on my leg [ e.g. after playing football ]
/ a black eye [ e.g. after being hit in
the eye ] / a ump on my arm / indigestion [ after eating too fast ] / sickness
and diarrhea [ an upset stomach which makes you vomit and need to go to the
toilet frequently ] / sunburn / painful joints [ e.g. ankles , knees , wrists ,
shoulders ] / blisters [ after wearing new , tight shoes ] .
- I feel sick / dizzy [ my head is
spinning ] / breathless / shivery [ cold and hot ]
/ faint [ light-headed ] .]
I am depressed / constipated [ not able
to go the toilet ] / tired all the time .
I’ve lost my appetite / voice ; I can’t
sleep , my nose itches [ I want to scratch it ] , my leg hurts .
B-] What do doctors do ?
They take your temperature , listen to
your chest , look in your ears , examine you , take your blood pressure , ask
you some questions and weigh and measure you before sending you to the hospital
for further tests .
C-]What’s the diagnosis ?
You’ve got flu / chickenpox / mumps /
pneumonia / rheumatism / an ulcer / a virus / a bug / something that’s going
round .
You’ve broken your wrist and sprained /
dislocated your ankle .
You’re pregnant / a hypochondriac .
He died of lung cancer / a heart attack
/ a brain hemorrhage / AIDS .
D-] What does the doctor
prescribe ?
a-] Take one tablet three times a day
after meals .
b-] Take a teaspoonful of medicine last
thing at night .
c-] Rub this ointment on you and don’t
spend too long in the sun without sun-cream .
d-] We’ll get the nurse to put a
bandage on your wrist .
e-] You’ll need to have some injections
before you go to the Africa .
f-] I’ll ask the surgeon when he can
fit you in for an operation .
g-] You’ll have to have your leg put
in plaster until the break mends .
h-] I think you should have total bed
rest for a week .
E-] What might the doctor
ask you ?
What would you say if the doctor asked
you the following questions ?
Do you have health insurance ? Have you
ever had any operations ?
Are you taking any medication ? Are you
allergic to anything .
Food .
A-] Here are some some types of meat :
‘Red meat’ : beef [ cow ] , lamb [ lamb
] , mutton [ sheep ] , venison [ deer ]
‘White meat’ : veal [ calf ] , pork ,
ham , bacon [ pig ] , chicken [ chicken ] , turkey [ turkey ] . Chicken ,
turkey and duck are sometimes referred to as ‘poultry’ .
‘Fish’ : cod , hake , plaice , mackerel
, herring , sardine , trout , salmon .
‘Seafood’ : prawns , shrimps , crab ,
lobster , crayfish , squid , cockles , mussels , oysters .
‘Vegetables’ : cabbage , cauliflower ,
broccoli , spinach , cucumber , leeks , mushrooms , courgettes , [ Am. Eng. :
zucchini ] , aubergines [ Am. Eng. : egg plants ]
‘Spices’ : curry [ a mixture of spices
such as cumin , cardamom , coriander , paprika , turmeric , ginger ] , cinnamon
, nutmeg .
‘Herbs’ : parsley , rosemary , chives ,
sage , thyme , tarragon , oregano .
B-] Flavors and tastes –
adjectives and some opposites :
- ‘sweet’ X ‘bitter’ [ sharp /
unpleasant ] , sour [ e.g. unripe fruit , lemon ]
- ‘hot , spicy’ [ e.g. curry ] X mild ,
bland [ rather negative ]
- ‘salty’ [ a lot of salt e.g. cheese ]
X sugary [ a lot of sugar e.g. sweets ] , sickly [ too much sugar ] .
- ‘savory’ [ pleasant , slightly salty
or with herbs ]
- ‘tasty’ [ has a good taste / flavor
] X tasteless [ no flavor at all ] , delicious .
C-] General appearance ,
presentation and quality :
These chips are terribly ‘greasy’ ,
oily [ too much oil , fat ]
This meat is ‘over-cooked’ , ‘overdone’
, ‘under-cooked’ , ‘underdone’ .
British cooking can be very ‘stodgy’ [
heavy , hard to digest ]
This chicken’s ‘done to a turn’ . [
just perfect , not overdone ] .
These pistachio nuts are terribly more-ish
. [ informal ; you want to eat more ]
D-] Ways of cooking food
– verbs :
- boil , fry , bake , roast ,
grill , stir-fry .
Lamb chops are nice ‘barbecued . [ over
hot coals , usually outdoors ]
Have you ‘seasoned’ the stew ? [ added
herbs , spices , salt , pepper ]
E-] Courses and dishes :
In the UK a meal in a restaurant would
typically be three courses : a ‘starter’
[ light snack / appetizer ], a main course [ the most important / substantial
part of the meal ] , followed by a ‘dessert’ [ sometimes called a sweet /
pudding / after , especially at home ] .
Clothes .
A-] Here are some items
of clothing or parts of them which are perhaps less familiar :
- ‘dressing-gown’ , ‘cuff’ , ‘buckle’ ,
‘hem’ , ‘braces’ , ‘mittens’ , ‘collar’ , ‘cardigan’ , ‘zip’ , ‘sleeves’ ,
‘slippers’ , ‘laces’ , ‘sole’ , ‘heel’ .
B-] Verbs associated with
clothing :
Can I ‘try on’ these grey shoes in the
window ?
I love ‘dressing up’ for parties as I
normally wear jeans .
The skirt is too tight and too short –
it needs ‘letting out’ and ‘letting down’ .
The dress is too loose and too long –
it needs ‘taking in’ and ‘taking up’ .
He ‘changed out of’ his weekend clothes
into his uniform .
Sally usually doesn’t ‘suit’ people
with ginger hair .
Her black bag ‘matches’ her shoes .
Those shoes don’t ‘fit’ the boy any
more . He’s ‘grown out’ of them .
C-] Adjectives for
describing people’s clothing :
How things fit : ‘baggy’ , ‘loose’ ,
‘tight’ , ‘cloth-fitting’ .
Style : ‘long-sleeved’ , ‘sleeveless’ ,
‘V-neck’ , ‘round-neck’ , ‘pleated’ .
How people look : ‘elegant’ , ‘smart’ ,
‘scruffy’ , ‘chic’ , ‘trendy’ , ‘messy’ ,
‘old-fashioned’ , ‘fashionable’ , ‘well-dressed’ , ‘badly-dressed’ .
D-] Materials which clothes
are often made of :
A ‘silk’ shirt feels soft and light but
also warm . ‘Cotton’ shirts are cool but they need ironing . ‘Velvet’ skirts
are rich and warm for winter parties . Jeans are usually made of ‘denim’ .
‘Suede’ is a kind of ‘leather’ but it isn’t shiny . ‘Nylon’ ,
‘polyester’ and ‘lycra’ are ‘artificial
fibers’ .
We get ‘wool’ from sheep ; ‘woolen’
clothes keep you warm when it’s cold . All the above words for materials except
‘wool’ and ‘woolen’ can be nouns or adjectives .
E-] Adjectives used to
describe the patterns on materials :
-‘pin-striped’ , ‘spotted’ , ‘plain’ ,
‘striped’ , ‘checked’ , ‘flowery’ , ‘tartan’ .
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