Spelling & Vocabulary Enrichment [ 18 ]

18- ] Spelling & Vocabulary Enrichment .

Speaking .

The verbs in the table describe how loudly a person is speaking and also , often indicate mood . These verbs may be followed by clauses beginning with ‘that’ .

verb	loudness	most likely mood
whisper	soft
murmur	soft	romantic or complaining
mumble	soft [ and unclear ]	nervous or insecure
mutter	soft	irritated
shout	loud	angry or excited
scream	loud [ usually without words ]	frightened or excited
shriek	loud [ and shrill ]	frightened or amused
stutter , stammer	neutral	nervous or excited

B-] The following verbs indicate how the speaker feels .

verb               patterns               feeling                  verb            patterns                  feeling

boast  to sb about st   that   proud on oneself    complain to sb about st that    displeased  

insist       on st that               determined           maintain         that                     confident

object    that/ to + ing     unhappy about situation       confess  that /to+ ing    repentant

 threaten   that /to do st         aggressive                urge    sb /to do st                  encouraging

argue        with sb about, at / that  not in agreement  beg   sb to do / at for st        desperate

groan                 that           despair , pain              grumble          about st           displeased

C-]To give an idea of the way someone speaks and his / her feeling , you can use a speaking verb , pus an adverb . For example , ‘He said ‘proudly’ . She spoke ‘angrily’ . This is most common in written style . Some useful adverbs describing the way someone is feeling while they are speaking .

If someone feels angry : ‘crossly’ , ‘furiously’ , ‘bitterly’ [ about something in the past ]

If someone feels unhappy : ‘unhappily’ , ‘gloomily’ , ‘miserably’ , ‘sadly’

If someone feels happy : ‘happily’ , ‘cheerfully’ , ‘gladly’ , ‘hopefully’ , ‘eagerly’

If someone feels worried : ‘anxiously’ , ‘nervously’, ‘desperately’ , ‘hopelessly’

Other useful adverbs are ‘boldly’ , ‘excitedly’ , ‘gratefully’ , ‘impatiently’ ,

‘passionately’ , ‘reluctantly’ , ‘shyly’ , ‘sincerely’.

Health and medicine .

A-] What are your symptoms :

- I’ve got a cold / a cough / a sore throat / a temperature [ a higher temperature than normal ] / a stomach ache / chest pains / earache / a pain in my side / a rash on my chest / spots / a bruise on my leg [ e.g. after playing football ]

/ a black eye [ e.g. after being hit in the eye ] / a ump on my arm / indigestion [ after eating too fast ] / sickness and diarrhea [ an upset stomach which makes you vomit and need to go to the toilet frequently ] / sunburn / painful joints [ e.g. ankles , knees , wrists , shoulders ] / blisters [ after wearing new , tight shoes ] .

- I feel sick / dizzy [ my head is spinning ] / breathless / shivery [ cold and hot ]

/ faint [ light-headed ] .]

I am depressed / constipated [ not able to go the toilet ] / tired all the time .

I’ve lost my appetite / voice ; I can’t sleep , my nose itches [ I want to scratch it ] , my leg hurts .

B-] What do doctors do ?

They take your temperature , listen to your chest , look in your ears , examine you , take your blood pressure , ask you some questions and weigh and measure you before sending you to the hospital for further tests .

C-]What’s the diagnosis ?

You’ve got flu / chickenpox / mumps / pneumonia / rheumatism / an ulcer / a virus / a bug / something that’s going round .

You’ve broken your wrist and sprained / dislocated your ankle .

You’re pregnant / a hypochondriac .

He died of lung cancer / a heart attack / a brain hemorrhage / AIDS .

D-] What does the doctor prescribe ?

a-] Take one tablet three times a day after meals .

b-] Take a teaspoonful of medicine last thing at night .

c-] Rub this ointment on you and don’t spend too long in the sun without sun-cream .

d-] We’ll get the nurse to put a bandage on your wrist .

e-] You’ll need to have some injections before you go to the Africa .

f-] I’ll ask the surgeon when he can fit you in for an operation .

g-] You’ll have to have your leg put in plaster until the break mends .

h-] I think you should have total bed rest for a week .

E-] What might the doctor ask you ?

What would you say if the doctor asked you the following questions ?

Do you have health insurance ? Have you ever had any operations ?

Are you taking any medication ? Are you allergic to anything .

Food .

A-] Here  are some some types of meat :

‘Red meat’ : beef [ cow ] , lamb [ lamb ] , mutton [ sheep ] , venison [ deer ]

‘White meat’ : veal [ calf ] , pork , ham , bacon [ pig ] , chicken [ chicken ] , turkey [ turkey ] . Chicken , turkey and duck are sometimes referred to as ‘poultry’ .

‘Fish’ : cod , hake , plaice , mackerel , herring , sardine , trout , salmon .

‘Seafood’ : prawns , shrimps , crab , lobster , crayfish , squid , cockles , mussels , oysters .

‘Vegetables’ : cabbage , cauliflower , broccoli , spinach , cucumber , leeks , mushrooms , courgettes , [ Am. Eng. : zucchini ] , aubergines [ Am. Eng. : egg plants ]

‘Spices’ : curry [ a mixture of spices such as cumin , cardamom , coriander , paprika , turmeric , ginger ] , cinnamon , nutmeg .

‘Herbs’ : parsley , rosemary , chives , sage , thyme , tarragon , oregano .

B-] Flavors and tastes – adjectives and some opposites :

- ‘sweet’ X ‘bitter’ [ sharp / unpleasant ] , sour [ e.g. unripe fruit , lemon ]

- ‘hot , spicy’ [ e.g. curry ] X mild , bland [ rather negative ]

- ‘salty’ [ a lot of salt e.g. cheese ] X sugary [ a lot of sugar e.g. sweets ] , sickly [ too much sugar ] .

- ‘savory’ [ pleasant , slightly salty or with herbs ]

- ‘tasty’ [ has a good taste / flavor ] X tasteless [ no flavor at all ] , delicious .

C-] General appearance , presentation and quality :

These chips are terribly ‘greasy’ , oily [ too much oil , fat ]

This meat is ‘over-cooked’ , ‘overdone’ , ‘under-cooked’ , ‘underdone’ .

British cooking can be very ‘stodgy’ [ heavy , hard to digest ]

This chicken’s ‘done to a turn’ . [ just perfect , not overdone ] .

These pistachio nuts are terribly more-ish . [ informal ; you want to eat more ]

D-] Ways of cooking food – verbs :

- boil , fry , bake , roast , grill  , stir-fry .

Lamb chops are nice ‘barbecued . [ over hot coals , usually outdoors ]

Have you ‘seasoned’ the stew ? [ added herbs , spices , salt , pepper ]

E-] Courses and dishes :

In the UK a meal in a restaurant would typically be three courses : a ‘starter’       [ light snack / appetizer ], a main course [ the most important / substantial part of the meal ] , followed by a ‘dessert’ [ sometimes called a sweet / pudding / after ,  especially at home ] .

Clothes .

A-] Here are some items of clothing or parts of them which are perhaps less familiar :

- ‘dressing-gown’ , ‘cuff’ , ‘buckle’ , ‘hem’ , ‘braces’ , ‘mittens’ , ‘collar’ , ‘cardigan’ , ‘zip’ , ‘sleeves’ , ‘slippers’ , ‘laces’ , ‘sole’ , ‘heel’ .

B-] Verbs associated with clothing :

Can I ‘try on’ these grey shoes in the window ?

I love ‘dressing up’ for parties as I normally wear jeans .

The skirt is too tight and too short – it needs ‘letting out’ and ‘letting down’ .

The dress is too loose and too long – it needs ‘taking in’ and ‘taking up’ .

He ‘changed out of’ his weekend clothes into his uniform .

Sally usually doesn’t ‘suit’ people with ginger hair .

Her black bag ‘matches’ her shoes .

Those shoes don’t ‘fit’ the boy any more . He’s ‘grown out’ of them .

C-] Adjectives for describing people’s clothing :

How things fit : ‘baggy’ , ‘loose’ , ‘tight’ , ‘cloth-fitting’ .

Style : ‘long-sleeved’ , ‘sleeveless’ , ‘V-neck’ , ‘round-neck’ , ‘pleated’ .

How people look : ‘elegant’ , ‘smart’ , ‘scruffy’ , ‘chic’ , ‘trendy’ , ‘messy’ ,     ‘old-fashioned’ , ‘fashionable’ , ‘well-dressed’ , ‘badly-dressed’ .

D-] Materials which clothes are often made of :

A ‘silk’ shirt feels soft and light but also warm . ‘Cotton’ shirts are cool but they need ironing . ‘Velvet’ skirts are rich and warm for winter parties . Jeans are usually made of ‘denim’ . ‘Suede’ is a kind of ‘leather’ but it isn’t shiny . ‘Nylon’ ,

‘polyester’ and ‘lycra’ are ‘artificial fibers’ .

We get ‘wool’ from sheep ; ‘woolen’ clothes keep you warm when it’s cold . All the above words for materials except ‘wool’ and ‘woolen’ can be nouns or adjectives .

E-] Adjectives used to describe the patterns on materials :

-‘pin-striped’ , ‘spotted’ , ‘plain’ , ‘striped’ , ‘checked’ , ‘flowery’ , ‘tartan’ .