Grammar American & British [ 2 ]

2- ] Grammar American & British . 

Chapter Two .

Parts Of Speech .

Nouns , Pronouns and Adjectives .

Determining Parts of Speech .

The way a word is used in a sentence determines what part of speech the word is . The same word may be used as different parts of speech .

Examples

The  play has a happy ending . ( noun subject )

The actors play their roles well . ( verb )

The took part in the play . ( noun object )

The well has run dry .  ( noun subject )

Did you do well on the quiz ? ( adverb )

I don’t feel well today . ( adjective )

Well , that’s a relief . ( adverb )

Pretest .

Identifying Parts of Speech .

For each numbered word in the paragraph below ,write one of these words to identify its part of speech : noun , pronoun , verb , adjective , adverb , preposition , conjunction , interjection .

The end (1) of (2) each (3) school (4) year (5) is (6) a joyous (6) time (8) for (9) most (10) students . They (11) feel a sense of completion ,(12) and(13) closure is (14) coupled (15) with (16) anticipation (17) of freedom (18) from rigid (19) schedules (20) and the opportunity (21) for relaxation . Vacation (22) usually (23) promises fun . The next (24) year seems (25) far away . For just a short (26) time ( 27) the future looks rosy (28) and all (29) pressures are lifted . Alas , (30) a new school year is just three short months away .

Practice .

Parts of Speech .

Use each word below in two sentences as two different parts of speech . You will write a total of twenty sentences . In each sentence , circle the word . After each sentence , give the word’s part of speech .

Example   bow

She wore a  [bow ] in her hair . [ noun ]

The dancers [ bow ]after each performance . [ verb ]

1- ] this            2- ] fast          3- ] outside            4- ] those             5- ] picture           6-] well

7- ] color         8- ] over         9- ] but                  10- ] star

Posttest .

Identifying Parts of Speech .

For each numbered word in the paragraph below , write one of these words to identify its part of speech : noun , pronoun , verb , adjective , adverb , preposition , conjunction , interjection .

When I (1) was a little (2) kid , (3) my toys were (4) my friends . (5) We played (6)together. (7) I talked (8) to them . (9) My very (10) favorite (11) toy was my Big Wheel , a snazzy (12) black and blue tricycle (13) with (14) big , black plastic (15) wheels (16) . Up (17) and down (18) the driveway (19) I clacked , (20) feeling so very grown up and powerful . (21) I would whisper , (22) “Go faster (23) Go faster!” as (24) my beauty (25) sped downhill .(26) Alas ,(27) all (28) of my pride was shattered when (29) my plastic friend and I collided (30) with the garbage can !

The Complements .

A complement is called a complement because it completes the predicate in a sentence. There are two kinds of complements: object complements and subject complements.

In grammar, a complement is a word, phrase, or clause that is necessary to complete the meaning of a given expression. Complements are often also arguments (expressions that help complete the meaning of a predicate).

In grammar, a complement is a word or word group that completes the predicate in a sentence. In contrast to modifiers, which are optional, complements are required to complete the meaning of a sentence or a part of a sentence.

Below you'll find discussions of two common types of complements: subject complements (which follow the verb be and other linking verbs) and object complements (which follow a direct object). As David Crystal has observed, in the "Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics":

"[T]he domain of complementation remains an unclear area in linguistic analysis, and there are several unresolved issues."

Subject Complements Examples

These are examples of subject complements.

My uniform is torn and dirty.

My uniform is a T-shirt and jeans.

"Imagination is the one weapon in the war against reality. – Jules de Gaultier

"Love is an exploding cigar we willingly smoke." – Lynda Barry

Object Complements Examples

Jimmy's teacher called him a troublemaker.

The teacher's remark made me angry.

"The widow she cried over me, and called me a poor lost lamb, and she called me a lot of other names, too." – Mark Twain, "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"

Subject Complements Explanations

"Subject complements rename or describe the subjects of sentences. In other words, they complement the subjects.

"Many of these complements are nouns, pronouns, or other nominals that rename or provide additional information about the subject of the sentence. They always follow linking verbs. A less contemporary term for a noun, pronoun, or other nominal used as a subject complement is predicate nominative.

He is the boss.

Nancy is the winner.

This is she.

My friends are they.

"In the first example, the subject complement boss explains the subject he. It tells what he is. In the second example, the subject complement winner explains the subject Nancy. It tells what Nancy is. In the third example, the subject complement she renames the subject this. It tells who this is. In the final example, the subject complement they identifies the subject friends. It tells who the friends are.

"Other subject complements are adjectives that modify the subjects of sentences. They also follow linking verbs. A less contemporary term for an adjective used as a subject complement is predicate adjective.

My coworkers are friendly.

This story is exciting.

"In the first example, the subject complement friendly modifies the subject coworkers. In the second example, the subject complement exciting modifies the subject story."

– Michael Strumpf and Auriel Douglas, "The Grammar Bible." Henry Holt, 2004

Object Complements

"An object complement always follows the direct object and either renames or describes the direct object. Consider this sentence:

She named the baby Bruce.

"The verb is named. To find the subject, ask, 'Who or what named?' The answer is she, so she is the subject. Now ask, 'Whom or what did she name?' She named the baby, so baby is the direct object. Any word following the direct object that renames or describes the direct object is an object complement. She named the baby Bruce, so Bruce is the object complement."

– Barbara Goldstein, Jack Waugh, and Karen Linsky, "Grammar to Go: How It Works and How to Use It," 4th ed. Wadsworth, 2013

"The object complement characterizes the object in the same way as the subject complement characterizes the subject: it identifies, describes, or locates the object (as in We chose Bill as group leader, We consider him a fool, She laid the baby in the crib), expressing either its current state or resulting state (as in They found him in the kitchen vs. She made him angry). It is not possible to delete the object complement without either radically changing the meaning of the sentence (e.g. She called him an idiot - She called him) or making the sentence ungrammatical (e.g. He locked his keys in his office - *He locked his keys). Note that be or some other copula verb can often be inserted between the direct object and the object complement (e.g. I consider him to be a fool, We chose Bill to be group leader, They found him to be in the kitchen)."

– Laurel J. Brinton and Donna M. Brinton, The Linguistic Structure of Modern English. John Benjamins, 2010

Multiple Meanings of "Complement"

"Complement is one of the most confusing terms in scientific grammar. Even in one grammar, that of Quirk et al. (1985), we can find it being used in two ways:

a) as one of the five so-called 'clause elements' (1985: 728), (alongside subject, verb, object and adverbial):

My glass is empty. (subject complement)

We find them very pleasant. (object complement)

b) as a part of a prepositional phrase, the part that follows the preposition (1985: 657):

 on the table

"In other grammars, this second meaning is extended to other phrases....It therefore appears to have very broad reference, to anything that is needed to complete the meaning of some other linguistic unit...

"These two basic meanings of complement are neatly discussed in Swan [see below]."

– Roger Berry, "Terminology in English Language Teaching: Nature and Use." Peter Lang, 2010)

"The word 'complement' is also used in a wider sense. We often need to add something to a verb, noun, or adjective to complete its meaning. If somebody says I want, we expect to hear what he or she wants; the words the need obviously don't make sense alone; after hearing I'm interested, we may need to be told what the speaker is interested in. Words and expressions which 'complete' the meaning of a verb, noun, or adjective are also called 'complements.'

"Many verbs can be followed by noun complements or -ing forms with no preposition ('direct objects'). But nouns and adjectives normally need prepositions to join them to noun or -ing form complements."

– Michael Swan, "Practical English Usage." Oxford University Press, 1995)

I want a drink, and then I want to go home.

Does she understand the need for secrecy?

I'm interested in learning to fly.

A complement may be :

Complement	Example
1-] noun 2-] a pronoun 3-] an adjective 4-] an adverb 5- ]a gerund 6-]a verb[infinitive] 7-] a phrase 8-] a clause 9-] a participle	Mr. Hassan is a dentist . It was you . This milk tastes sour . The baby is awake. The soldier , though wounded , continued fighting . He seemed to fall . He fought to help me The book is in two parts. That is what I wanted to know . It is annoying to be interrupted .

All the complements mentioned so far have been complements of the subject These are called subjective complements .

Practice Exercise

Identify the complement in each of the following sentences and note whether it is a subject complement or an object complement.

Pablo is extremely intelligent.

I find him intelligent.

Shyla eventually became my best friend.

Our neighbor's dogs are very dangerous.

Ginger's hair dye turned the water pink.

After our disagreement on the first day of school, Jenny became my friend for life.

We painted the ceiling blue.

You are making me sad.

Paula is a good dancer.

Dorothy named her parakeet Onan.

Known as "the father of the Texas blues," Blind Lemon Jefferson was a popular entertainer in the 1920s.

The gift Karen gave her brother was a hamster.

Buck grew up in Oklahoma and became an expert horse rider before reaching his 18th birthday.

I once considered Nancy my fiercest enemy.

After reviewing the details of the case, the court pronounced the boy not guilty.

By the second month of the drought, the river had run dry.

Object Complements .

An object complement answers the question ‘what?’ after a direct object . That is , it complete the meaning of the direct object by identifying or describing it . Object complements occur only in sentences with direct objects and only in those sentences with the following action verbs or with similar verbs that have the general meaning of ‘make’ or ‘consider’ :

appoint       consider       make          render           call           elect            name             think

choose         find              prove          vote

An object complement usually follows a direct object . It may be an adjective , a noun , or a pronoun . These are objective complements ( i.e. they occur with verbs that take an object but still need some other word or words to complete the predicate ) .

Examples

The bonus made Susan happy . [ adjective ]

I named my dog Sadie . [ proper noun ]

Our cat considers that pillow hers . [ pronoun ]  

	Object	Objective Complement
They made	him	king .
They called	the baby	Ahmad .
The jury found	the prisoner	guilty .
The boy set	the bird	free .
His threats filled	her	with terror .
You have made	me	what I am .
His words prove	him [ to be ]	a fool .
The pain nearly drove	him	mad .
He likes	his desk [ to be ]	tidy .

The commonest verbs of incomplete predicate are :

appear / become / break ( he broke loose ) / come ( his dreams came true ) / continue / fall ( he fell ill ) / feel / fly ( the door flew open ) / get ( get well ) / grow / keep ( keep well ) / look / make / prove / remain ( remain calm ) / run ( run dry ) / seem / smell / sound ( sound silly ) / stay ( stay clean ) / taste / turn ( the milk turned sour ) / wear ( cloth wears thin ) / work ( the screw worked loose ) .

Direct and Indirect Objects (Objective Case ) , Subject Complements .

A complement is a word or word group that complete the meaning of a verb .

Every sentence has a subject and a verb . In addition , the verb often needs a complement to complete its meaning . A complement may be a noun , a pronoun or an adjective .

Examples

He made advances in the study of blood plasma .

Medical societies honored him .

His research was important .

Object Complements .

Direct Objects ( Accusative Case )

A direct object is a noun , pronoun or word group that tells who or what receives the action of the verb . A direct object answers the question ‘what?’ or ‘whom?’ after an action verb . Only transitive verbs have direct objects .

Examples

My uncle repairs engines and sells them .

I met my friend .

The engineer repairs the house .

- A direct object may be compound of two or more objects .

Example

I bought a book , a rubber and a pen .

- Because a linking verb does not express action , it cannot have a direct object .

Common Linking Verbs .

appear	become	grow	remain	smell	stay
be	feel	look	seem	sound	taste

Example

Augusta Savage was a sculpture during the Harlem Renaissance .

The linking verb ‘was’ does not express action , therefore it has no direct object .

- A direct object is never a prepositional phrase .

Example

She worked with clay . ( ‘clay’ is the object of the preposition ‘with’ )

She worked the clay with her hands . ( ‘clay’ is direct object here of the verb ‘worked’ . It receives the action of the verb . )

- A direct object may be a compound of two or more objects .

Example

We bought ribbon , wrapping paper and tape .

Indirect Objects  ( Dative Case ).

An indirect object is a noun , pronoun or word group that sometimes appears in sentences containing direct objects . Indirect objects tell to whom or to what or for whom or for what the action of the verb is done . If a sentence has an indirect object , it always has a direct object also .

An indirect object answers the question ‘to whom?’ , ‘for whom ?’after an action verb . A sentence can have an indirect object only if it has a direct object . Two clues can help you identify indirect objects . First , an indirect object always comes between the verb and the direct object . Second , if you add the word ‘to’ or ‘for’ in front of an indirect object , the sentence will still make sense .

Example

Ali left Jennifer a message .

Ali left a message for Jennifer .

In the second sentence , the proper noun ‘Jennifer’ is no longer an indirect object . It has become the object of a preposition .

Examples

The waiter gave her  , the bill . ( indirect object ) To whom did the waiter give the bill ?

She left the waiter a tip . ( For whom did she leave a tip ?

Did she tip him five dollars ?

- If the word ‘to’ or ‘for’ is used , the noun or pronoun following it is part of a prepositional phrase and cannot be an indirect object .

Examples

She made some cakes for us . ( object of a preposition )

The ship’s captain gave the crew orders . ( indirect object )

She made us some cakes .

- Like a direct object , an indirect object can be a compound of two or more objects .

Example

She threw Ali , Sara , and Fuad  a slow curve balls . ( compound indirect object )

Subject Complements ( Predicat Nominatives , Predicate Adjectives ) .

A subject complement is a word or word group in the predicate that identifies or describes the subject .A subject complement follows a subject and a linking verb and identifies or describes the subject . There are two kinds of subject complements : predicate nominatives and predicate adjectives .

Examples

He has been president of his class since October . ( ‘president’ identifies the subject ‘he’ )

Was the masked stranger you ? ( ‘you’ identifies the subject ‘stranger’ )

The racetrack looks slippery .  ( ‘slippery’ describes ‘racetrack’ as the subject complement ‘slippery’ is connected to the subject by a linking verb ‘looks’  )

There are two kinds of subject complements – predicate nominatives and predicate adjectives .

Predicate Nominatives

In English grammar, predicate nominative is the traditional term for a noun, pronoun, or another nominal that follows a linking verb, which is usually a form of the verb "be." The contemporary term for a predicate nominative is ​a subject complement.

In formal English, pronouns that serve as predicate nominatives are usually in the subjective case such as I, we, he, she and they, while in informal speech and writing, such pronouns are often in the objective case such as me, us, him, her and them.

In her 2015 book "Grammar Keepers," Gretchen Bernabei suggest that "if you think of [the] linking verb as an equal sign, what follows it is the predicate nominative." Further, Bernabei posits that "if you switch the predicate nominative and the subject, they should still make sense."

Direct Objects of Linking Verbs

Predicate nominatives are used with forms of the verb be, and as a result, answer the question of what or who is doing something. Therefore, predicate nominatives can be considered to be identical to direct objects except that predicate nominatives are a more specific example of words that are the subjects of linking verbs.

Buck Ryan and Michael J. O'Donnell use the example of answering a telephone to illustrate this point in "The Editor's Toolbox: A Reference Guide for Beginners and Professionals." They note that although it is commonly accepted to answer a phone with "It's me," "It is I" is the correct usage, as is "This is he" or "This is she." Ryan and O'Donnell state that "You know the subject is in the nominative case; he or she is the predicate nominative."

Predicate Adjectives and Kinds of Nominatives

Although all predicate nominatives receive the same treatment in cognitive grammar, there are two distinct kinds of referential identification, which depend on how the sentence quantifies the subject. In the first, the predicate nominative indicates the referential identity of the subject and predicate nominals such as "Cory is my friend." The other categories the subject as a member in a category such as "Cory is a singer."

Predicate nominatives should also not be confused with predicate adjectives, which further define adjectives in a sentence. However, both can be used in a sentence as part of a single subject complement, as Michael Strumpf and Auriel Douglas put it in their 2004 book "The Grammar Bible."

Strumpf and Douglas use the example sentence of "He is a house husband and quite content" to emphasize that the predicate nominative husband to the subject (he) via a linking verb (is) acts in tandem with the adjective content to describe the man. They note "both types of subject complements follow a single linking verb," and most modern grammarians view the whole phrase as a single subject complement.

A predicate  nominative is a noun or a pronoun that follows a linking verb and points back to the subject to rename it or to identify it further . Predicate nominatives are usually found in sentences that contain forms of the linking verb ‘to be’ . A few other linking verbs as well ( for example , become , remain ) can be followed by a predicate nominative . A predicate nominative is a word or word group that is in predicate and that identifies the subject . A predicate nominative may be a noun , a pronoun , or a word group that functions as a noun . A predicate nominative is connected to its subject by a linking verb .

Examples

A dictionary is a valuable tool . ( predicate nominative )

This piece of flint could be an old arrowhead .

The winner of the race was she .

Is that what you ordered ? ( predicate nominative identifies ‘that’ )

- Like other sentence complements , a predicate nominative may be compound .

Example

The discoverers of radium were Pierre Curie and Sklodowska Curie . ( compound )

- A predicate nominative always completes a linking verb . A direct object always completes an action verb .

Examples

We are the delegates from our school . ( ‘delegates’ a predicate nominative completes the linking verb ‘are’ )

We elected the delegates  from our school . ( ‘delegates’ a direct object that completes the action verb ‘elected’ )

- A predicate nominative is never part of a prepositional phrase .

Bill Russell became famous as a basketball player . ( prepositional phrase ‘as a basketball player’ )

Bill Russell became famous basketball player . ( predicate nominative )

Predicate Adjectives

Predicative adjective (also called predicate adjective) is a traditional term for an adjective that usually comes after a linking verb rather than before a noun. (Contrast with an attributive adjective.)

Another term for a predicative adjective is a subject complement.

"From a discourse point of view," say Olga Fisher and Wim van der Wurff, "predicative adjectives are often salient because they convey 'new' rather than 'given' information" (in A History of the English Language, 2006).

Examples and Observations of Predicative Adjectives

"I was happy, Dad was proud, and my new friends were gracious." (Maya Angelou, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Random House, 1969)

She seemed unhappy and acutely lonely.

"The Earth was small, light blue, and so touchingly alone, our home that must be defended like a holy relic. The Earth was absolutely round. I believe that I never knew what the word 'round' meant until I saw the earth from space." (Cosmonaut Aleksei Leonov, quoted by Daniel B. Botkin in No Man's Garden. Island Press, 2001)

"The scene is instant, whole and wonderful. In its beauty and design that vision of the soaring stands, the pattern of forty thousand empetalled faces, the velvet and unalterable geometry of the playing field, and the small lean figures of the players, set there, lonely, tense, and waiting in their places, bright, desperate solitary atoms encircled by that huge wall of nameless faces, is incredible." (Thomas Wolfe, Of Time and the River, 1935)

"The most guileful amongst the reporters are those who appear friendly and smile and seem to be supportive. They are the ones who will seek to gut you on every occasion.” (Mayor Edward Koch)

"[American aviator Richard] Byrd was smart, handsome, reasonably brave, and unquestionably generous, but he was also almost pathologically vain, pompous, and self-serving. Every word he ever wrote about himself made him seem valorous, calm, and wise. He was also, and above all, very possibly a great liar." (Bill Bryson, One Summer: America, 1927. Doubleday, 2013)

Identifying Predicate Adjectives

"Predicative adjectives most often occur as complement to the verb be, but be allows such a wide range of complements that its value as a diagnostic is quite limited. Much more useful from this point of view are the verbs become and make, and to a lesser extent seem, appear, feel, look, sound, which take a more restricted range of complements." (Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K. Pullum, The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge University Press, 2002)

Attributive Adjectives and Predicative Adjectives

"There are two main kinds of adjectives: attributive ones normally come right before the noun they qualify, while predicative adjectives come after to be or similar verbs such as become and seem. Most adjectives can serve either purpose: we can speak of a 'happy family' and say 'the family appeared happy.' But some work only one way. Take the sentence 'Clergymen are answerable to a higher authority.' Answerable is exclusively a predicative; you could not refer to an 'answerable clergyman.' And higher is strictly attributive; you wouldn't normally say, 'The authority is higher.'

"Predicative adjectives appear before the noun when used appositively: 'Tall, dark, and homely, he is a natural choice to play the part of Abraham Lincoln.'" (Ben Yagoda, When You Catch an Adjective, Kill It. Broadway Books, 2007)

Predicative Adjectives and Adverbs

"The distinction between a predicative adjective and an adverb can be tricky. Consider the following example:

'Early days,' Kathy said, evasive.

(Barry Maitland, The Chalon Heads)

At first glance, this looks as if it should be evasively and that the author has omitted the -ly, as many speakers habitually do, but in fact, evasive is a predicative adjective and the sentence could be paraphrased 'Early days,' Kathy said, being evasive." (Barry J. Blake, All About Language. Oxford University Press, 2008)

A predicate adjective is an adjective that follows a linking verb and points back to the subject and further describes it . A predicate adjective is an adjective that is in the predicate and that describes the subject . A predicate adjective is connected to the subject by a linking verb . Predicate adjectives may follow any linking verb .

Examples

I feel very insecure .

The coffee shop looked busy .

The author seemed intelligent and thoughtful .

Lori’s tale sounded preposterous to me .

The boy appeared happy .

Dinner smells delicious .

The milk tastes sour .

Cold milk tastes good on a hot day . ( ‘good’ a predicate adjective that describes ‘milk’ )

The pita bread was light and delicious .( ‘light and delicious” a compound predicate adjective that describes ‘bread’ )

How kind you are ! ( ‘kind’ a predicate adjectives that describes the subject ‘you’ )

Practice

Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates

Write Cs if a sentence has a compound subject . Write CP if a sentence has a compound predicate . Then write each simple subject and simple predicate .

1- ] The bird flew out the window and disappeared .

2- ] Cheese and walnuts are delicious additions to a salad .

3-] Ali and his sister learned French .

4- ] For my birthday , my brother washed and waxed my car and also filled the gas tank .

5- ] Fresh flowers and sunshine make a room cheerful .

6- ] Your teacher or your principal will give you your schedule and direct you to your locker .

7- ] Sara and her friend jog together every morning .

8- ] In Tom and Jerry , Tom and Jerry are my favorite cartoon characters .

9- ] Neither sunrise nor sunset was visible today through the gloom .

10- ] Blue , white and red are the colors of the French flag .

Practice

Complements

Write each complement and identify it by writing DO for a direct object  , IO an indirect object , OC for an subject complement , PN for a predicate nominative , or PA for a predicate adjective .

1- [ My favorite playwright is William Shakespeare .

2- ] Not one person considered Nader our leader .

3- ] Nasser became the head lifeguard at the city pool .

4- ] The team voted Hassan and Ali co-captains .

5- ] The volcano eruption was terrifying .

6- ] The lull in the storm gave the tourists a false sense of security .

7- ] Try the hard-boiled eggs .

8- ] Chef Adel demonstrated the technique for kneading bread .

9- ] The young couple named their baby Sara .

10- ] My mediocre grades were predictable .

Pretest .

Identifying Complements .

Identify each underlined word or group of words by writing one of these labels : direct object , indirect object , object complement , predicate nominative , predicate adjective .

The Great Smoky Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee are a North American treasure (1) . They challenge the hiker (2) and offer him (3) or her panoramic vistas (4) of surrounding states . The mountain streams are cold and clear (5) . Wildlife abounds . Visitors can frequently photograph bears (6) during the summer season . Some consider them (7) a nuisance (8) because they scavenge for food , but the sight of a mother and her cubs is almost always a cause (9) for excitement . The mountain flora is beautiful (10) especially in spring and fall . Laurels and rhododendrons provide soft color (11) in the spring  ; in autumn the forests look beautiful (12) with brilliant red , yellow , and orange leaves . Gatlinburg , at the foot of the mountains , is the main tourist center (13) for the area . It offers visitors (14) entertainment (15) as well as food and lodging.

Posttest .

Identify each underlined word or group of words in the paragraph by writing one of these labels : simple subject , complete subject , simple predicate , complete predicate .

A well-equipped kitchen 1  is a necessity for a generous cook2 . Mixers and blenders 3  are considered standard equipment .⁴  A fully-stocked spice rack⁵ makes available to the cook a selection of seasonings .⁶ There must be ⁷a good collection ⁸ of utensils as well . In the cupboards should be ⁹ all sizes of baking pans and dishes 10 . Various pots , pans and kettles 11 are 12 necessary too . How would a cook 13 manage without a good stove ? It14 is the most important appliance in the work area . 15

Posttest .

Identifying Complements .

Identify each underlined word or group of words by writing one of these labels : direct object , indirect object , object complement , predicate nominative , predicate adjective .

  Bird feeders can provide us 1 yearlong enjoyment .2 Finches , bluebirds , and cardinals are colorful . 3 The songs of many birds are delightful 4 to hear . We can place the feeders 5 right outside a window for close-up viewing . The experience of bird-watching is an education 5 . We can also consider it 6 quiet entertainment 7 . Ornithologists give us 8 one important piece 8 of advice , though . Birds need this food supply 9 all year , so we must be faithful 10 in our feeding and replenish the feeder 11 regularly . We must consider ourselves 12 the birds’ caretakers . 13