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Grammar American & British
Saturday, July 25, 2020
American Division Literature [ 17 ]
American Division Literature [ 16 ]
Sunday, July 12, 2020
American Division Literature [ 15 ]
American Division Literature [ 14 ]
Visual Poems .
The physical shape
affects meaning .
1-] Shaped
verse [ Renaissance emblem poetry ]
The words are
shaped to fit meaning .
The Altar . By : George Herbert
A broken ALTAR
,Lord , Thy servant rears ,
Made of a
HEART , and cemented with tears ;
Whose parts are as Thy and did frame ;
No work man’s
tool hath touched the same .
A HEAT alone
Is such a stone
As nothing but
Thy power doth cut .
Where fore each part
Of my hard HEART
Meets in this frame
To praise Thy name :
That , if I chance to hold my peace ,
These stones
to praise Thee may not cease .
O , let Thy blessed SACRIFICE be mine ,
And sanctify this ALTAR to be Thine .
The words here
in the poem are shaped in writing to fit the altar in shape .
Satire .
Poems that
embody a satiric outlook . Formal verse satire sometimes didactic in tone ,
satirizes some vice .
Horatian
satire [ gentle
ridicule ] is in the poetry of W. H. Auden . Juvenalian satire is very formal , very
cutting , whereas Menippean satire uses plot , dialogue and a mixture of prose
and verse .
An example of
satire is Jonathan Swift , well known for his ability to satirize who penned “
A Satirical Elegy” in 1722 “ On the Death of a Later Famous General” John
Churchill – a member of royalty character [ Duke of Marlborough ] and an English
military hero whose character was eventually called into question .
Invective
poems : Personal attacks or lampoons [ satires
against individuals ] .
Panegyric
poems : Poems that praise someone or something ,
especially public figures and institutions .
Epideictic
poetry : Special occasion poems
Encomiums are poems [ often in the
form of odes ] that eulogize .
Epithalamiums are poems [ that can be song ] that celebrate
a wedding .
Complaint : A lyric poem [ usually monologue ] in which
the poet complains about the state of the world , his individual situation or
his mistress .
An example is
“ A Complaint by Night” by Henry Howard , Earl of Surrey .
Confessional
poems : A
contemporary form that deals with ver private matters .
Palinode : A poem or song that retracts a previous work
, often retracting an ode .
Metaphysical
poetry : Philosophical poetry written in the
seventeenth century as a revolt against Elizabethan love poetry characterized
by :
1] The
metaphysical conceit . 2- ] Psychological analysis . 3-] Subjects : love and
religion . 4-] Use of the shocking – simple diction . 5-] Form : an argument.
6-] Style : rough .
A type of
metaphysical poetry is the meditative poem ,written with Renaissance poetic
techniques about religious topics for religious ceremonies . An example of the
metaphysical poets is John Donne .
American Division Literature [ 13 ]
Light Verse .
Poems intended
to be humorous or witty . Types of light verse include :
1-] Vers de
societe : Those are characterized by :
Brief length ,
playful mood , social relationships as the subject , sophisticated style and
terse tone [ brisk and generally rhymed rhythm ] .
2-] Parody : A comic or satiric imitation of a more
serious work that ridicules a work , an author or a style .
A parody can
be fun to write , especially when the original poem has a very pronounced
rhythm or mood . Edgar Allan Poe’s “ The Raven” has such a distinctive rhythm
pattern that it works well in parody .
Ex . Here is
the first stanza of the original poem :
Once upon a
midnight dreamy , while I pondered , weak and weary .
Over many
acquaint and curious volume of forgotten lore ,
While I nodded
, nearly napping , suddenly there came a tapping .
As of some one
gently rapping , rapping at my chamber door .
“Tis some
visitor,” I muttered , “ tapping at my chamber door –
Only this and nothing more .
Here is a
parody of the preceding stanza .
Once upon a
schoolday dreary , while I studied , weak and weary .
Over many
acquaint and curious volume of literature .
Feeling grisly
, grim and grumbling , suddenly there came a rumbling .
A gruesome
gripping kind of rumbling , rumbling that was premature .
“Tiiiiis my
stomach ,” then I muttered , “ rumbling here so premature –
Candy bars will be the cure .
3-] Limerick :
A poem of five anapestic lines with an aabba
rhyme scheme . Lines 1,2 and 5 are trimeter , lines 3 and 4 are dimeter . The
limerick is a form of nonsense verse .
x x
/ x x
/ x x /
I sat next /
to the Duch / ess at tea . a
x
x / x x
/ x x
/
It was just /
as I thought / it would be .
a
X
/ x x
x x
Her rumblings
ab / dominal .
b
x / x x /
x x
Were simply
phe / nomenal . b
x
/ x x
/ x x
/
And ev / ery
one thought / it was me . a
4-] Occasional
Verse : Genrally written for specific occasions , such as
coronations , birthdays , and deaths . For official occasions , the English
poet laureate is expected to write the occasional poem . An often cited
occasional poem was written in 1681 by Andrew Marvell . The poem “ An Horatian
Ode Upon Cromwell’s Return From Ireland ,” is based upon Cromwell’s return to
England in 1650 , at which time he prepared to go to battle against the Scots .
5-] Epigrams :
They are short poems that are
characteristically witty with a twist in the thought at the end . An epigram ,
however , can also be defined as simply a clever saying used for a variety of
purposes including to eulogize , to compliment or to satirize .
This anonymous
Latin epigram sums up the point .
6-] Epitaph : Generally a short poem { an epigram ]
intended for a tombstone [ or as if for carving on a tombstone . The epitaph
may be comic .
My Own Epitaph . By : John Gay
Life is a jest
; and all things show it .
I thought so
once ; but now I know it .
An Epitaph
Upon A Young Married Couple .
Dead And Buried Together
. By : Richard Crashaw
To these ,
whom death again did wed ,
This grave is
their second marriage-bed .
For thought
the hand of fate could force
“ Twixt soul
and body a divorce , It could not sunder man and wife
Cause they
both livéd but one life .
Peace , good
reader , Do not weep
Peace , the
lovers are asleep
They sweet
turtles , folded lie
In the last
knot love could tie .
And though
they lie as they were dead ,
Their pillow
stone , their sheets of lead ,
( Pillow hard
, and sheets not warm )
Love made the
bed ; they’ll take no harm ;
Let them sleep
, let them sleep on .
Till this
stormy night be gone ,
Till
th’eternal morrow dawn ;
Then the
curtains will be drawn
And they wake
into a light ,
Whose day
shall never die in night .
7-] Epigraph [
motto ] : The quotation or inscription on a statue , on a coin ,
before chapter headings , and on title pages of books .
8-] Clerihew Named after the writer of detective fiction [ Edmund
Clerihew Bentley ] .
American Division Literature [ 12 ]
Poems Set To Music .
1-] Hymns [
Religious Songs ] :
Hymns have
appeared in both rhymed and unrhymed qualitative verse , as well as in prose .
2-] Songs: Lyric poems meant to be
sung . Songs are typically short and emotional on topics that range from love
to hatred , dancing to mourning , work to play .
Some works
labelled as songs , however , can not actually be sung , such as “ The Love
Song of J . Alfred Prufrock” by T.S. Eliot .
Folk Songs : are those of unknown
authorship .
3-] Ballads : Narrative songs that may be sung or simply recited . The
ballad tradition can be found worldwide .
Characteristics
of the ballad :
1-] Theme : Courage or love . 2-] Little description
or characterization . 3-]
Incremental repetition [ repetition
of words , lines or phrases for effect ] .
Form of Ballad
The ballad
stanza : usually
iambic foot in four lines [ quatrain ]
with an aab rhyme scheme [ sometimes based on approximate rhyme or assonance
and consonance ].
--Lines 1 and 3 have four accented syllables : lines 2 and 4 have three
accented syllables .
- Use of
refrain [ repetition of words , phrases or lines at intervals ] .
- Sometimes
has a concluding or summary stanza .
- Stock
descriptive phrases .
Types of
Ballad
1-] Popular
ballad : A narrative
folk song .
2-] Broad side
ballad : A song . Topic : A current event , well known
person or debated issue . Tune : Well known . Printed on one side of a sheet of
paper .
3-] Literary
ballad : An imitation
of the popular ballad , but written by a poet.
For an example
of the literary ballad , read these first four stanzas of Coleridge’s “ The
Rime of The Ancient Mariner , Part 1”.
It is an ancient
Mariner .
Because
anonymous folk ballads are part of our oral tradition , the same ballad can
surface from different regions , times or peoples in different forms . An
example is the 17th century “ Barbara Allen” versions / The Cowboy’s
Lament” – “ The Dying Cowboy” [ 19th century ] .
4-] Chansons :
Simple poems meant to be sung .
5-]
Epithalamium poems : Songs written to
celebrate a marriage .
[ Edmund Spenser ]
6-] Madrigals
: Love poems meant to be
sung a cappella [ without instrumental accompanimet ] by five or six singers ,
their voices blending and weaving and out of the melody .
Ex .Take, O!
Take Those Lips Away [ William Shakespeare ]
7-] Rhapsody : Once referring to epic
poetry that is sung , now rhapsody refers to very emotional poems or any
sequence of literary expressions that have arbitrarily joined together .
8-] Serenades
: Evening songs .
9-] Aubades : Early morning songs such as Shakespeare’s “
Kark , Hark , the Lark” .
American Division Literature [ 11 ]
Ode : A complex , serious long lyric poem modeled
after Pindar [ the Grteek poet ] whose complex songs [ originally used in
dramatic poetry ] were divided into numerous three-part-units consisting of the
strophe , antistrophe and epode .
The English
ode has three forms :
1-]
Regular or Pindaric ode includes one stanza pattern for strophe and
antistrophe , whereas epode is another stanza pattern .
2-] Irregular
ode Each stanza has its own pattern – the most
common ode form in English since it was first done in 1656 by Abraham Cowley .
3-] Horatian [
homostrophic ] ode ; One repeated stanza type that may vary within the
established pattern . These odes are calmer, less passionate than Pindar’s odes
.
Odes are very
unified with just one theme handled in an extremely dignified manner . The
purpose of many odes is to eulogize someone or something such as Alexander
Pope’s “ Ode on Solitude” .
Sonnet .
A
fourteen-line iambic pentameter poem . There are three main types of sonnet :
1-] The
Italian [ Petrarchan ] sonnet consists of an octave
[ eight lines ] or a set of two quatrains [ four lines each ] in an abbaabba
rhyme scheme that asks a question or
presents a statement that is answered or somehow addressed by the concluding
sestet [ six lines ] or set of two tercets [ three lines each ] . Notice
Wordsworth’s use of the sonnet form in “ Nuns Fret Not” [ abbaabba / cddccd ] .
2-] The
English [ Shakespearean ] sonnet consists of three
quatrains [ four lines each ] concluding with couplet in an / abab cdcd
efef gg / rhyme scheme. You can
expect the final couplete either to summarize the theme variations in the first
three quatrains or to be epigrammatic .
3-] The
Spenserian sonnet consists of the three quatrains being linked by a continuing rhyme scheme , namely abab / bcbc / cdcd / ee / .
Like As A Huntsman After Weary Chase . [ Edmund Spenser ] Once again , the concluding couplet summarizes the speaker’s point . In your study of the sonnet be aware of the sonnet cycle ] a device used by Shakespeare and Spenser . These cycles consist of a series of sonnets that are related by theme or some other means .
Here is a
brief overview of the more common genres of poetry . Most are lyric ;
however , some include elements of the
epic [ narrative mode and drama [
dramatic mode ] .
Haiku A single-stanza , three-line [ originally
Japanese ] lyric poem of 17 syllables . The subject is generally
impressionistic of a scene in nature or a natural object . Line 1 with five
syllables . Line 2 with seven syllables . Line 3 with five syllables .
Haike. By : C. Myers Shaffer
Hear their sad
refrain
To capture sense with a sound .
Doves before the rain .
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