20 - ] Basic Grammar For Beginners
26 - Joining Words
1 . Addition
- and
Huda is going for a walk . Nasser is going for a walk
.
Huda and Nasser are going for a walk .
Ali did the homework . Ali watched TV .
Ali did the homework and watched TV .
- so
Dalia enjoyed the party . Diana enjoyed the party .
Dalia enjoyed the party and so did Diana .
- both -----------and
Ahmad has understood the lesson . Ali has understood
the lesson .
Both Ahmad and Ali have understood the lesson .
In India it rains in summer . It rains in winter too
.
In India it rains both in summer and winter .
- as well as
The man saw the accident . His wife saw the accident
, too .
The man as well as his wife saw the accident .
- not only ----------but also [ as well ]
He passed the final exam . He got very high grades .
He not only passed the final exam , but he also got
high grades .
She invited all her family . She invited all her
class mates .
She not only invited all her family but all her class
mates as well . [ but also all her class mates ]
Not only did
she invite all her family but all her class mates as well . [ inversion ]
Negation neither --------------nor
Nasser didn’t write the composition . Rashid didn’t
write the composition .
Neither Nasser nor Rashid wrote the composition .
She didn’t see the film . She didn’t read the book .
She neither
saw the film nor read the book .
- either -------------or
Mary is going to book the tickets . Adam is going to
book the tickets .
Either Mary or Adam is going to book the tickets .
We are going to travel to London . We are going to
travel to Paris .
We are going to travel to London or to Paris .
2 . Cause
- because , as , since
Mother is very pleased . She has bought a bargain .
Mother is very pleased because she has bought a
bargain .
She can’t ea any sweets . Her teeth hurt a lot .
She can’t eat any sweets as her teeth hurt a lot .
I can’t go with you . I have a lot of homework to do
.
I can’t go with you since I have a lot of homework to
do
3 . Reason
- to , in order to , so as to
He went to the bank . He wanted to cash a cheque .
He went to the bank to cash a cheque .
She is going to Paris . She wants to learn French .
She is going to Paris in order to learn French .
He’s studying hard . He wants to go to college .
He’s studying hard so as to go to college .
4 . Result
- so that , in order that
She’s studying very hard . She wants to get high
grades .
She’s studying very hard so that she may get
high grades . [ present simple ]
He went on a diet . He wanted to lose weight .
He went on a diet in order that he might lose
weight . [ past simple ]
- so adjective
that
The problem was difficult . He couldn’t solve it .
The problem was so difficult tat he couldn’t solve it
.
The film was boring . He couldn’t stay to the end .
The film was boring that he couldn’t stay to the end
.
- such a (an) adjective + noun that
The book was interesting . I read t several times .
It was such an interesting book that I read it
several times .
The journey was tiring . I stayed awake all night .
It was such a tiring journey that I stayed awake all
night .
4 . Clause of time [ time clause ]
- when , as soon as , after , before , then
He’ll take us to the zoo . Father comes home .
When father comes home , he’ll take us to the zoo .
He reached the hotel . He had a shower .
As soon as he reached the hotel , he had a shower .
He finished work . He went home .
After he had finished work , he went home .
He did his homework . He watched TV.
He had done his homework , before he watched TV.
He had done his homework , then he watched TV .
Exercise
Join these pairs of sentences with the words in
brackets :
1 . Mother is going for a walk . Father is going for
a walk . [ Both ---------and ]
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2 . He spoke to the assistant . He spoke to the
manager . [ Not only -----but -----as well ]
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3 . He arrives home . He’ll take us to the park . [
As soon as ]
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4 . I bought John a lovely present . He came top . [
because ]
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5 . I am going to the luggage office . I want to
collect my luggage . [ in order to ]
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6 . He’s joining the queue . He wants to get some
tickets . [ so that ]
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7 . The stick is so hard . He can’t break it . [ so
----------that ]
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8 . The teacher spoke quickly . I couldn’t understand
her . [ so -----------that ]
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9 . The boxes were heavy . I couldn’t carry them
. [ such -----------that
They were
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10 . The program was boring . I couldn’t stand it . [
such --------that ]
It was--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
11 . She ran fast . I couldn’t keep up with her . [
so --------that ]
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12 . She’s doing lot of exercises . She wants to lose
weight . [ in order that ]
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13 . He went to the kitchen . He wanted to get a tin
opener . [ in order to ]
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14 . They sold their old house . It was getting too
small for them . [ since ]
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15 . She congratulated him . He came top . [ because ]
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16 . The man rescued the baby . He rescued his mother
too . [ both -----------and ]
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17 . Mother doesn’t smoke . Father doesn’t smoke . [
Neither -------------nor ]
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18 . Take the camera . Take the radio . You can’t
take them both . [ Either --------or ]
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