1- ] Student English Grammar
The Simple Tenses .
The Present Simple Tense .
Form :
It is formed by using the infinitive of the
verb .
I , We , They , You + plural noun subjects } infinitive .
e.g. We usually gp to school .
He , She , It + singular noun subjects }
infinitive + s , es ,ies .
- Verbs ending in [ o , s , ss , x , ch ,
sh , z ] , we add ‘es’ to the infinitive .
e.g. go [ goes ] , dress [ dresses ] , fix
[ fixes ] , watch [ watches ] , wash [ washes ]
Ex . He watches TV every evening .
The technician fixes computes .
- Verbs ending in ‘y’ , ‘y’ is changed into
‘i’ → ‘ies’ .
e.g. carry [ carries ] , dry [ dries ] ,
cry [ cries ] , fly [ flies ] , try [ tries ]
Ex. She always carries her bag .
Uses :
1-] Universal facts that is always true .
Ex. The sun rises in the morning .
Egypt lies in Africa .
2-] Actions that last for a long time .
Ex. My family lives in Cairo .
3-] Habits or habitual actions .
Ex. I usually get up early in the morning .
We go to the club every week .
Adverbs of Frequency With The Present
Simple :
Adverbs of frequency indicate the times or
how often the verb happens .
Never 0% , rarely 1 – 20 % , sometimes 20 –
50 % , often 60 – 75 % , usually 75 – 85 % , always 100%
Positions Of Adverbs Of Frequency In
Sentences :
They come before the main verb and come
after verb ‘to be’ .
Ex. He always comes early . He is always
early .
Adverbs of time come at the beginning or
the end of the sentence .
e.g. ever , at night , in the morning , in
the afternoon , at morning etc.
Ex. In the morning he goes to school . He
goes to school in the morning .
4-] Clause of time expresses future .
e.g. when , before , after , until [ till ]
, as soon as , by the time .
Ex . When I go home , I will phone you .
I will watch a film , before I go to bed
.
Negative :
Do , does + not + infinitive . [ don’t ,
doesn’t ]
Ex . She goes to the beach every summer .
She does not [ doesn’t ]go to the
beach every summer .
They help their father in the field .
They do not [ don’t ] help their father in the field .
Interrogative [ Question ] :
Question word + do , does + subject +
infinitive .
Ex . I swim in the swimming pool .
Do you swim in the swimming pool ?
Yes , I do .
No , I don’t .
Where do you swim ?
He learns English .
Does he learn English ?
Yes , he does .
No , he doesn’t .
What does he lean ?
Exercises
Exercise 1
Change the following as directed :
Birds fly in the sky. (negative)
Ali loves his teacher. (interrogative)
Boys are doing their homework. (negative)
My friend speaks good English.
(interrogative)
Dogs are barking. (interrogative)
He is learning music. (negative)
We are going to Kolkata soon. (interrogative)
Children play in the evening. (negative)
Noha sings a song. (negative)
I am listening to western music.
(interrogative)
Ahmad and Salah run fast. (interrogative)
Exercise 2
Fill in the blanks with is, am or are:
These bags ……… heavy.
Look! There ……… Raman.
My brother and I ……… good cricket players.
The weather ……… nice today.
This bag ……… not so heavy.
I ………
not tired.
Rama ……… at home.
Her children ……… at school.
I ……… a student.
My sister ……… a doctor.
Exercise 3
Fill in the blanks in the following with
the correct form of the verb given in brackets : (Present Tense)
1. I …………… in Model Town. (live)
2. The mother …………… food for us. (cook)
3. She …………… to temple every morning. (go)
4. He …………… on me whenever he wants. (call)
5. I …………… what my sister …………… . (eat)
6. My father …………… from his office in the
evening. (return)
7. They …………… football every evening.
(play)
8. I …………… everybody well. (wish)
9. The cat …………… rats. (kill)
10. The farmers …………… rain. (need)
Exercise 4
Insert the correct form of the verb given
in the brackets : (Simple Present Tense)
1. The boys …………… a song. (sing)
2. I …………… in the school which is the best
in the city. (read)
3. The sun …………… during the day . (shine)
4. God …………… those who …………… themselves.
(help)
5. Farmers …………… a hard life. (lead)
6. Mr. Hassan …………… us English. (teach)
7. He …………… his lesson regularly. (learn)
8. The toy …………… a child happy. (make)
9. He …………… to bed at 10 pm. (go)
10. You …………… up at 5 am. (wake)
The Past Simple Tense [ Past Indefinite Tense ].
Form :
It is the past of the verb . Regular verbs
end in ‘ed’ , but irregular verbs are different and must be kept by heart .
Uses :
1-] It indicates an action that happened in
the past .
Ex. The Ancient Egyptians built the
Pyramids .
I went to the club yesterday .
To express an action where some word,
showing past action (yesterday, ago, last, etc.) is given in the sentence, as,
Keywords :
Yesterday , last , ago , in the past .
2-] Repeated actions in the past - habitual or regular action in the past.
Ex . They visited Luxor twice last year .
We went to the countryside every summer .
He always spoke the truth.
3-]Actions following each others in a story
.
Once upon a time , there was a man who live
in a forest . He hunted animals and birds for his food .
(d) To express an action which occupied a
period of time in the past , but is now ended.
We lived in this house for ten years.
I stayed at the Green Hotel for two months.
Negative :
Did + not
[ didn’t ] + infinitive .
Ex. She cleaned the house .
She did not [ ‘didn’t’ ] clean
the house .
Interrogative [ Question ] :
Question word + did + subject + infinitive
.
Ex . She cleaned the house ?
Did she clean the house ?
Yes , she did .
No , she didn’t .
What did she clean ?
He climbed the tree last week .
Did he climb the tree last week ?
Yes , he did .
No , he didn’t .
When did he climb the tree ?
Exercises
Exercise 1
Put in am / is/are (present) or was / were
(past):
Last year she …………….. 10, so she …………….. 11
now.
I ……………..
hungry. Can I have something to eat?
‘Where …………….. the children?’ ‘I don’t
know. They …………….. in the garden ten minutes ago.’
Today the weather …………….. nice, but
yesterday it …………….. very cold.
I feel fine this morning but I ……………..
tired last night.
Where …………….. you at 11 o’clock last Friday
morning?
I like your new shirt …………….. it expensive?
Don’t they wear those shoes? These ……………..
very expensive.
This time last year I …………….. in Goa.
They …………….. in school today morning.
Exercise 2
Complete the sentences. Use one of these
verbs in the past simple:
enjoy
clean die open
finish
happen
ram start stay
want
It was hot in the room, so I …………….. the
window.
I …………….. my teeth twice yesterday.
The shop ……………..at 9 a.in. yesterday.
The match …………….. at 6 in the evening.
I always …………….. to be a doctor.
It is a nice day but yesterday it ……………..
all day.
The accident …………….. last Sunday afternoon.
Sama’s grandmother …………….. when she was 90
years old.
We …………….. our holiday last year.
We …………….. at Grand Hotel when we went to
Kolkata.
Exercise 3
Fill in the following blanks with correct
tense of the verbs given in brackets :
1. I …………… your letter this morning.
(receive)
2. How many deer …………… you …………… in the zoo
? (see)
3. My father …………… a new house last month.
(buy)
4. Prices …………… by forty percent last year.
(rise)
5. Columbus …………… America. (discover)
6. Thousands of people …………… their lives in
the earthquake. (lose)
7. Nasser …………… ten pounds from me.
(borrow)
8. When …………… you …………… from Aswan ?
(return)
9. I …………… to her house on foot. (go)
10. A thief …………… into our garage last
night. (break)
The Future Simple Tense .
Form :
Will
[ ‘ll ] + infinitive
Ex. We will
[ ‘ll ] visit the museum next week .
Uses :
1- Future facts .
Ex. Ali will be ten next month .
2-] Predictions .
Ex. Man will go on trips to other planets
in the future .
3-] Decisions .
I will to the beach next summer .
Keywords :
Tomorrow
, next , in the future , the coming [ week , year , day etc. ]
4-] Quick decisions .
Ex. Some one is ringing the doorbell . I’ll
open the door .
It’s a fantastic car . I’ll buy it .
5-] Offers .
Ex. Shall I help you do your homework ?
6-] Threats and warnings .
Ex. I’ll hit you , if you forget to do your
homework .
You will cut yourself , if you don’t pay attention to this knife .
Negative :
Will [ ‘ll ] + not [
won’t ] + infinitive
Ex. I will build a new house .
I will not [ won’t ] build a new house .
Interrogative [ Question ] :
Question word + will [ ‘ll ] + subject +
infinitive .
Ex . Our father will buy a new car .
Will your father buy a new car ?
Yes , he will .
No , he won’t .
What will your father buy ?
Going to + Infinitive [ Future ].
Form :
I
am
He , She , It + singular subject is +
going to + infinitive
We , They , You + plural subject are
Use :
1-] It is used to express future planning
.When we talk about an intention to do something in the future , although no
definite arrangement has been made , we prefer ‘going to’
rather than the present continuous . To emphasize that we are talking about a
‘definite arrangement’ , we prefer the present continuous .
Ex . Before I go to China next year , I’m
going to learn some Cantonese .
I’m still not feeling vey well , so I think I’m going to see the doctor
some
time this week .
What are you going to do next , now that
you’ve finished your course ?
2-]
Predicting future with an evidence .
Ex. Look at those black clouds ! It’s going
to rain .
The Perfect Tenses .
The Present Perfect Tense.
Form :
He , She , It + singular subjective nouns }
has + Past Participle .
I , We , They , You + plural subjective
nouns } have + Past Participle .
Uses :
1-] It indicates an action ended from a
short time or right now .
[ just , already , soon ]
Ex. He has just [ already ] come to school
.
2-] An action that happened in a period of
time in the past within two weeks but not more than a month , but the time in
not fixed . [ When we fix the time we use the past simple ]
[ recently , lately (negative ) ]
Ex. He has recently come from Italy .
He hasn’t visited us lately .
He came from Italy last month [ yesterday ] . [ fixed time in the past ]
3-] It indicated an action that started in
the past , but not finished or ‘its effect is still existing’ .
[ for ‘period of time’ , since ‘start of
time’ ]
Ex . He has worked in Cairo for ten years .
He has worked in Cairo since 2006 .
4-] To express someone’s experience .
[ ever , never ]
Ex . This is the best friend I have ever
met . [ the superlative ]
I have never seen such a fantastic scene before . [ such ]
Interrogative [ Question ]
Question word + has , have + subject + past
participle .
Ex . I have studied English ?
Have you studied English ?
Yes , I have .
No , I haven’t .
What have you studied ?
[ ever , yet ]
5-] They are used to ask about others’
experience .
Ex . Have you ever visited France ?
Have you visited France yet ?
Have you ever travelled by plane ?
Have you travelled by plane yet ?
Negative [ Question ] :
Has , have + not [ hasn’t , haven’t ] + past participle .
Ex . We have visited Aswan .
We have not [ haven’t ] visited Aswan .
She has gone shopping .
She has not [ hasn’t ] gone shopping .
[ never , yet ].
6-] They are used to indicate an action
that never happened up till now .
Ex . I have never visited France .
I haven’t visited France yet .
Note :
Notice the difference between the sentences in the past simple and the
present perfect .
1-] The lift stopped . [ May be repaired
and now working ]
-
The lift has stopped . [Not repaired yet ]
2-] Shakespeare wrote many plays . [ died
and does not write any more ]
-
The author has written many novels . [ He is still living and writes novels .]
3-] I have gone to London . [ I did not
return . ]
-
I have been to London . [ I returned . ]
4-] I have lived in Cairo . [ I started to
live in the past and I am still living . ]
I lived in Cairo . [ I lived in the past and moved ]
Exercises
Exercise 1
Fill in the blanks with the Present Perfect
tense form of the verbs given in the brackets.
The train _______ just now. (arrive)
I _______ not _______ the cinema all these
years. (visit)
Someone _______ some crockery. (break)
I _______ never _______ the Taj (see)
I _______ not _______ him so far. (meet)
I_______ not _______ the work even now.
(finish)
My friend _______ his purse, (lose)
They _______ my pen. (take)
Birds _______ from here, (fly)
Samia_______ food, (cook)
Exercise 2
Fill in the following blanks with correct
tense (present) of the verbs given in brackets :
1. Where …………… you …………… your purse ?
(lose)
2. …………… he not yet …………… her work ?
(finish)
3. How many sums …………… she …………… ? (solve)
4. My sister …………… from Meerut presently.
(return)
5. Raja …………… Samia since 1980. (know)
6. Aisha …………… never …………… the Red Sea.
(see)
7. …………… you not …………… your bath as yet ?
(take)
8. I …………… not …………… my lesson. (revise)
9. We …………… not …………… from Rami for the
last four months. (hear)
10. She …………… in Delhi for eight years.
(live)
The Past Perfect Tense .
Form :
Had + Past Participle .
Usage :
It is used to describe actions that were
completed before other actions in the past . So we have two actions joined with
a joining word . This is called the time clause .
Keywords :
1-] after , as soon as , no sooner ……than ,
hardly …….when } past perfect , past simple .
Ex. After he had finished work , he went
home .
- Had [ Having ] finished work , he went home .
As soon as he had finished work , he went home .
He had no sooner finished work ,
than he went home .
No sooner had he finished work ,
than he went home .
Hardly had he finished work , when he went home
[ Notice the inversion and the difference ]
2- ] before , then .
Before } past simple , past perfect .
Past perfect ,{ then } , past
simple .
Ex. Before
he went to bed , he had finished his homework .
He had finished his homework , then he went to bed .
3-] already .
Already }past perfect , past simple .
Ex. He had already seen the film , so he
knew the end .
4-] because :
Past simple { because } past perfect .
Ex . I felt sick because I had eaten a lot
.
5-] by :
By } period of time , past perfect .
Ex . By the end of June I had finished my
exams .
6-] when , by the time :
Past perfect { when , by the time } past
simple .
Ex. The train had left when [ by the time ]
I arrived at the station .
When , by the time } past perfect , past
simple .
Ex. When [ By the time ] I had finished work , I went home .
Notice
the different used of ‘when’ , ‘by the time’ .
7-] until [ till ] :
Negated sentences :
Past simple { until , till } past perfect .
Ex . He did not ‘didn’t’ go home , until [
till ] he had finished work .
Affirmative [ positive ] sentences :
Past perfect { until , till } past simple .
Ex. He had waited until [ till ] his father
came .
Exercises
Exercise 1
Choose the correct verb from those given in
brackets:
He thanked me for what I ………………. (have
dope, had done, have been doing).
When we went to the cinema, the film
………………. .
(already started, had already started,
would already start.)
Did your think you ………………. me somewhere
before?
(have seen, had seen, were seeing.)
I
to Mumbai once before.
(have gone, had gone, have been going)
They
anything till night.
(have not read, were not reading, had not
read)
Exercise 2
Fill in the following blanks with correct
tense of the verbs given in brackets. (Past Tense) ;
1. Mohamad …………… already …………… his
breakfast. (take)
2. If she …………… for the examination she would
not have failed. (prepare)
3. The bell …………… before I reached the
school. (go)
4. The patient …………… before the doctor
arrived. (die)
5. She …………… not …………… the place before her
husband permitted her. (leave)
6. …………… the child …………… before his mother
returned from office ? (sleep)
7. The rain …………… when we stepped out of
our house. (stop)
8. If you …………… her, she would have got
first division. (help)
9. The cinema show …………… when I reached the
hall. (start)
10. If she …………… a bus, she would have
caught the train. (board)
The Perfect Future Tense .
Form :
Will + have + past participle .
Uses :
It is used to indicate an action that will
be completed in a certain time in the future .
Ex . By next June I will have finished my
exams .
The Future Perfect Tense expresses an
action which is expected to be completed by a certain time in the Future ; as—
She will have covered half of her journey
by Monday next.
The Future Perfect Tense sometimes
expresses the speaker’s belief that something has taken place. In such
sentences it does not express the Future ; as—
‘You will have discussed the plans how to
celebrate the function”, said my mother.
It is also used for an action which at a
given future time will be in the past; as—
In two years’ time (Le., two years from now)
I shall have taken my degree.
Exercise 1
Fill in the following blanks with correct
tense of the verbs given in brackets.
1. The picture …………… by the time we reach
the hall. (start)
2. …………… you …………… your studies by 2007 ?
(finish)
3. The farmers …………… not …………… the harvest
before September. (reap)
4. I …………… exercise before the sun rises.
(take)
5. He …………… his lesson by next week.
(learn)
The Continuous Tenses .
The Present Continuous Tense .
Form :
I
am
He , She , It + singular subjects is + verb + ing [ present participle
]
We , They , You + plural subjects are
Ex. We are studying English now .
Uses :
1-] It is used to indicate an action
happening at the time of speaking .
Ex . They are swimming in the pool at this
moment .
Keywords :
Now , at this moment , at present , ‘words
to draw attention’ [ Look ! / Watch ! / Listen ! Be careful ! / Look out ! /
Watch out ! etc. ]
2-] Temporary actions .
Ex. He is staying at a hotel .
3-] Future use :
It is used to express future arrangements .
Ex. I am flying to France tomorrow . [
every thing is arranged ]
Note:
We do not use the present continuous in the
following , but we use the present simple :
1-] Verbs of sensation [ taste , sound ,
smell , feel , look ] .
Ex . This dish smells / tastes / looks
delicious .
The song sounds horrible .
A stone feels hard .
2-] Mental state verbs [ imagine , know ,
think , forget , remember etc. ] .
Ex . I know English well .
I think war is destructive .
3-] Emotional state verbs [ hate , love ,
like , dislike , scorn , detest etc. ] .
Ex . I like football .
I hate our enemies .
4-] Other verbs such as verbs of possession
[ haves , own , belong to , include , contain , cost , seem , want etc. ] .
Ex . We have a new car .
This house belongs to our family .
This tin contains sardine .
This shirt costs 100 pounds .
Exercises
Exercise 1
Complete the sentences. Use one of these
verbs:
build
cook go have stand
stay
swim work rain
watch
Please be quiet. I ………………….
Where is Adel? He is in the kitchen. He
………………….
‘You …………………. on my foot.’
Look! Somebody ………………….in the river.
We’re here on holiday. We …………………. at the
Royal Hotel.
Where’s Mohamad? She …………………. a shower.
They …………………. a new theatre in the city
center at the moment.
I …………………. now. Goodbye.
The weather is nice at the moment. It is
not ………………….
You can turn off the television. I am not
………………….it.
Exercise 2
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate
form (Present Continuous) of the verbs given in bracket.
I am ……………….. the table (turn).
Hari is …………………. the juice (suck).
Rami and Rashid …………………. under the cot (crawl).
The dog is …………………. its tail (wag).
You are …………………. on your paper (write).
She is …………………. right hand (wave).
He is …………………. over the fence (jump).
You are …………………. your books (take).
You are …………………. the sweets in your mouth
(put).
Sara is …………………. on her dress (put).
Exercise 3
Fill in the following blanks with correct
tense of the verbs given in brackets :
1. Look ! the sun …………… . (rise)
2. Why …………… you so fast ? (run)
3. The children …………… in the park. (play)
4. Mohamad …………… a novel now. (read)
5. Water …………… from the running tap. (flow)
6. …………… it …………… outside now ? (rain)
7. What …………… your sister …………… these days
? (do)
8. I …………… tonight. (return)
9. They …………… or Luxor tomorrow. (leave)
10. Why …………… you …………… a noise ? (make)
The Past Continuous Tense .
Form :
I , He , She , It + singular subjects } was
We , They , You + plural subjects | were +
verb + ing [ present participle]
Ex . We were watching a football match
yesterday .
Uses :
1-] It is used to express an action which
was happening in the past .
Ex . They were studying in the garden
yesterday .
2-] It is used to express an action
interrupted by another action .
Keywords :
While , as
, just as , when .
While , as , just as } past continuous ,
past simple .
Ex. While
[ As , Just as ]Ali was studying , his father came .
When } past simple , past continuous .
Ex. When the phone rang , Khalid was having
his lunch .
3-] It is used two actions happening or
were happening at the same time .
While , as , just as } present continuous [
or past continuous ] the two sentences.
Ex.
I am watching a film while [ as , just as ] my friend is playing
football .
I was watching a film while [ as , just as ] my friend is playing
football .
Note :
We do not use the past continuous in the
following :
1-] Events or habits in the past . The past
simple is used . ‘Used to’ is preferred.
Ex . We visited our uncle every summer .
When I was a child , I played [ used to play ] with toys .
2-] Repeated actions in the past .
Ex. They visited Luxor twice last year .
Exercises
Exercise 1
Use the correct form of the verb:
We (watch) the shop windows when we met Amal
.
I (wait) outside the theatre when I saw Said
.
When Adel arrived, Soma (study).
When he saw Ramesh in the library, he
(return) his books.
When I saw them at midnight, they (try) to
find a taxi.
Exercise 2
Change the following sentences into
negative:
Salem was living in Cairo in July last
year.
Nader was talking to Saleh at ten o’clock
last night.
At four o’clock yesterday we were all
drinking tea.
I was trying to get a taxi at ten o clock
last night.
It was raining in Alexandria at five
o’clock last evening.
Exercise 3
Change the following sentences into
questions:
They were crying there.
He was playing cricket.
He was doing his homework.
Rania and Rubi were cooking in the kitchen.
We were going to the market.
Exercise 4
Fill in the following blanks with correct
tense of the verbs given in brackets : (Past Tense)
1. The baby …………… in the room. (weep)
2. Children …………… a noise in the class.
(make)
3. Why …………… you …………… at her ? (look)
4. We saw the aeroplane while it …………… .
(take off)
5. The students …………… their morning prayer
when I reached their school. (say)
6. I …………… my beard when the telephone bell
rang. (shave)
7. My mother …………… when I returned home.
(sleep)
8. The old lady …………… the Gita when the
guests arrived. (read)
9. Mother …………… tea for us when the school
bus homed. (prepare)
10. She found that the baby …………… bitterly.
(cry)
The Future Continuous Tense .
Form :
Will + be + verb + ing [ present participle
]
Use .
It is used to express an action that will
be happening at a specific time in the future .
The Future Continuous Tense is used to
express an event that is expected to take place in the normal course or at some
time in the future ; as—
Ex . I will be watching a football match at
7 o’clock tomorrow .
They will be visiting the Pyramids next
Friday afternoon .
We shall be playing a football match on
Sunday.
The new edition of this book will be coming
out shortly.
When I reach Calcutta, it will be raining
heavily there.
Will you be taking part in the debate ?
(Interrogative)
The farmers will not be watering the plants
at this time. (Negative)
Exercise
Fill in the following blanks with correct
tense of the verbs given in the brackets : (Future Tense)
1. Dinesh …………… for us at the appointed
time. (wait)
2. When Sara calls on me, I …………… my
clothes. (iron)
3. The gardener …………… the plants next
month. (water)
4. Said…………… his lesson tomorrow at this
time. (revise)
5. Mohamad…………… tea when you enter her
room. (make)
6. The patient …………… rest when the doctor
arrives. (take)
7. The peon …………… the bell when 1 reach the
school. (ring)
8. Shahin …………… for Aswan this time
tomorrow. (leave)
9. We …………… our courses by the end of January.
(complete)
The Present Perfect Continuous Tense .
Form :
He , She , It + singular subjects } has
I , We , They , You + plural subjects } have
+ been + verb + ing [ present participle ]
Uses :
1-] It indicates an action that started in
the past , its continuity now or at the moment is stressed .
Keywords :
For [ period of time ] , since [ start of
time ] , all .
Ex . It has been raining for two days .
It has been raining all the day .
It has been raining since Friday .
2-] It is used to describe a repeated
regular action which has recently started and is still continuing and may
continue in the future .
Ex . They have been revising their lessons
this week .
3-] It is used to explain a present state .
[ No need to mention the time ]
Ex. He has been running , so he is out of
breath .
Note :
1-] It is not used when the times of the
action are mentioned . The present perfect or the past simple is used .
Ex . I have visited my friend 3 times this
week .
I visited my friend 3 times this week .
2-] The present perfect and the present
perfect continuous are the same when we change from active into passive .
Ex . She has studied her lessons . She has
been studying her lessons .
Her lessons have been studied by her .
Since as a joining word :
The Future Perfect Continuous Tense
(Shall/will + have been + Verb + ing)
The Future Perfect Continuous Tense is used
to express an action that will have been going on at or before some point of
time in the Future ; as—
We shall have been waiting for you for a
long time.
Fill in the following blanks with correct
tense of the verbs given in brackets using future tense.
1. They …………… the sums since morning.
(solve)
2. We …………… in the river for three hours
before noon. (bathe)
3. We …………… our time during examination
days. (not waste)
4. The farmers …………… the fields since 2008.
(plough)
5. …………… he …………… for you for an hour ?
(wait)
6. By next year, I …………… in Japan for seven
years. (live)
7. Our school team …………… the other team for
the seventh time. (defeat)
8. She …………… since 8 A.M. before I reach
home at noon. (study)
Present perfect / present perfect continuous { since }
past simple .
Ex . I have been writing 3 letters since I
started writing .
I haven’t visited my friend , since I came from Luxor .
The Past Perfect Continuous Tense .
Form :
Had + been + verb + ing [ present
participle ]
Use :
It is used to describe something or an
action that happened for a length of time before another action in the past .
Ex . When I got home , I was very tired . I
had been working all day .
The town was flooded . It had been raining for
three days .
Present
I play I am playing I have
played I have been laying
Past I played I was playing I
had played I had been playing
Future
I shall play I shall be playing
I shall have played I shall have been playing
Exercises
Exercise 1
Fill in the blanks with the Present Perfect
Continuous Tense of the verbs given in brackets.
We ______
English for two years. (study)
He ______
in this school for several years. (teach)
I ______
in this flat since 2000. (live)
It ______ for three hours. (rain)
They ______
for seven hours. (work)
Exercise 2
Fill in the blanks with since or for:
He has been here ……………….. last Monday.
She has been on the phone ……………….. twenty
minutes.
I have been in this town ……………….. 1967.
You have been married ……………….. six years.
Raman has been on holiday ……………….. last
Friday.
Exercise 3
Fill in the following blanks with correct
tense (present) of the verbs given in brackets :
1. It …………… outside for half an hour.
(hall)
2. The storm …………… since 4 O’clock. (howl)
3. I …………… for the bus since morning.
(wait)
4. Since when …………… you in this school ?
(read)
5. It not …………… since midnight. (rain)
6. She …………… midnight oil for five years.
(bum)
7. I …………… for the examination for one
year. (prepare)
8. Malaria …………… in this city since July.
(rage)
9. How long …………… you …………… for me ? (wait)
10. The washerwoman …………… our clothes since
1985. (wash)
Exercise 4
Fill in the blanks with correct present
tense form of the verbs given in brackets :
1. Water …………… at 100°C. (boil)
2. We …………… a hockey match tomorrow. (play)
3. …………… your brother …………… his account ?
(clear)
4. The cattle …………… in the field. (graze)
5. She …………… meat several times. (taste)
Exercise 5
Fill
in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs (present tense) given in
brackets :
1. There …………… (go) the bell !
2. If you …………… not …………… (obey), you will
be punished.
3. …………… you …………… (go) for a walk daily ?
4. The players …………… (warm) themselves up
at the moment.
5. The train …………… just (arrive).
Exercise 6
Supply the correct form of the verbs
(present tense) given in brackets :
1. Ask him what he (want).
2. The girls (rehearse) a play for the
School Day.
3. She (absent) herself since Monday last.
4. What (make) you laugh ?
5. I (fly) to New York next week.
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Structure of the Past Perfect Continuous
Tense:
—> Subject + had been + V4 (V1 + ing)
The Past Perfect Continuous Tense is
used for an action that began before a certain point in the past and
continued up to that time; as:
Ramadan had been reading book for two
hours.
It had been raining continuously since last
Wednesday.
You had not been going to school since
Tuesday.
He had not been meeting me for a month.
Where had Raman been playing since noon?
Error Correction
Each of the following sentences in this
exercise has an underlined word/phrase and three words/phrases are given after
the sentence. If one of the given words/ phrases makes the sentence
grammatically correct, select the word/phrase as your answer. If the sentence
is grammatically correct as it is, choose option (d) i.e. No correction.
Question 1.
When Kovid died he and Nisha had been
married for six years.
(a) have been
(b) has been
(c) having been
(d) No correction
Answer:
(d) No correction
Question 2.
If it rained we will get wet.
(a) rains, will bc
(b) raining, will
(c) rains, will
(d) No correction
Answer:
(c) rains, will
Question 3.
I am contributing to my nation’s
infrastructure.
(a) contributing
(b) contributed
(c) contributes
(d) No correction
Answer:
(a) contributing
Question 4.
I appeared for the interview today.
(a) appear
(b) has appeared
(c) appearing
(d) No correction
Answer:
(d) No correction
Question 5.
In the last ten years, the problem has
almost became an epidemic.
(a) becomes
(b) become
(c) had become
(d) No correction
Answer:
(b) become
Question 6.
She waiting for her sister’s marriage.
(a) waits
(b) is waiting
(c) will waiting
(d) No correction
Answer:
(b) is waiting
Question 7.
Digital downloads having changed the way we
listen to music.
(a) been
(b) having been
(c) have
(d) No correction
Answer:
(c) have
Question 8.
Now would be a good time to get your stuff in
order.
(a) get
(b) getting
(c) gets
(d) No correction
Answer:
(a) get
Question 9.
Suhail will have arrived in the hospital by
now.
(a) has arrived
(b) is arriving
(c) will has arrived
(d) No correction
Answer:
(d) No correction
Question 10.
But nothing has changed in the way we are
storing and manage our MP3s.
(a) managed
(b) managcs
(c) managing
(d) No correction
Answer:
(c) managing
Question 11.
Kejriwal p 18 conditions before Sonia and
Rajnath.
(a) put
(b) putting
(c) had puts
(d) No correction
Answer:
(a) put
Question 12.
Bru Gold coffee have an incredible aroma.
(a) having
(b) has
(c) had
(d) No correction
Answer:
(b) has
Question 13.
I have read this book since 10 am.
(a) have been read
(b) have reading
(c) have been reading
(d) No correction
Answer:
(c) have been reading
Question 14.
Does Shams go for a walk every morning?
(a) goes
(b) going
(c) will go
(d) No correction
Answer:
(d) No correction
Question 15.
Samir came to meet me after you have
leaving.
(a) have left
(b) had left
(c) left
(d) No correction
Answer:
(b) had left
Question 16.
As soon as Mona heard the alarm, she left
for work.
(a) hears
(b) hear
(c) will hear
(d) No correction
Answer:
(d) No correction
Question 17.
Watching too many cartoons and junk food
consumption are triggers that are lead to obesity in children.
(a) are lead
(b) lead
(c) are leading
(d) No correction
Answer:
(c) are leading
Question 18.
When I left home my brother watch
television.
(a) watches
(b) watched
(c) was watching
(d) No correction
Answer:
(c) was watching
Question 19.
The Earth revolved around the sun.
(a) revolves
(b) is revolving
(c) revolve
(d) No correction
Answer:
(a) revolves
Question 20.
All of us have a great time at the parry.
(a) had
(b) will having
(c) having
(d) No correction
Answer:
(a) had
Exercise 1
Fill in the blanks with suitable verb:
You had been …………………. till now since
morning, (slept, sleeping, sleep)
She …………………. sun-bath for a month, (have
been taking, had taken, had been taking)
I …………………. this car for four years, (have
driven, had driven, had been driving)
He had not been …………………. for a few days,
(seen, saw, seeing)
The players had been …………………. for three
hours, (running, ran, run)
…………………. he been studying for examination
for four days? (had, have)
Where had he been …………………. for so many
days? (lived, live, living)
Exercise 2
Fill in the following blanks with correct
tense of the verbs given in brackets (Past Tense).
1. She …………… hard since December. (study)
2. Sara …………… her lover for many years.
(befool)
3. How …………… long the two neighbors when a
third one joined them ? (quarrel)
4. I …………… for four hours when you knocked
at my door. (sleep)
5. Tenzing …………… to climb Everest for many
years before he succeeded in his mission, (try)
Exercise 3
(Miscellaneous)
Rewrite the following sentences changing
the Verbs into the Past Tense :
1. Our hen lays one egg daily.
2. Whenever my mother comes, she brings
toys for me.
3. She knows that your brother turns with a
tide.
4. Anyone who travels by railway through
India can see that the country is well sup¬plied with natural wealth.
5. He behaves nicely at tables, talks
gently, remains cheerful, thinks of others, keeps an eye on the company and
tries to be pleasant and polite in every way.
Rewrite the following sentences changing
the Verbs into the Present Tense :
1. No one knew what was in store for him.
2. Work, not worth, shall rule mankind.
3. Why did he abuse you ?
4. Fortunately the fighting was over soon.
5. Meanwhile President Kennedy’s father
fell ill.
6. A school bus accident killed scores of
children.
General Exercises On Tenses
Fill in the blanks with appropriate words
given in the option so that the sentence appears to be in the correct form of
Tense.
Q.1. How many pegs of Vodka _____
yesterday?
Did you drink
Do you drink
You have drank
You were drinking
Q.2. She shall _____ your ice-cream parlour
soon because she ____ ice-cream.
Be visiting, like
Visit, likes
Have been visiting, is liking
Visiting, like
Q.3. Shakespeare ____ dramas that are
appealing to the people of all ages.
Wrote
Had written
Had been writing
Has written
Q.4. The barber ___ his finger while he
____ off my hair.
Had cut, was chopping
Cut, chop
Cut, was chopping
Cuts, had been chopping
Q.5. Salah ___ for London early and he must
___ by this time.
Leave, have been reaching
Left, have reached
Had left, be reaching
Left, have been reached
Q.6. No, Rama is not at home, He ___ just
____ for shopping
had, gone
has, gone
was , going
will have, be going
Q.7. It is clearly ____ ‘passengers ____ to
smoke in the train’, still, they ___ ignorant.
Written, are not allowed, are being
Written, was not allowed, be
Wrote, do not allow, are been
Written, are not allowing, have been
Q.8. They ____ a football match in the
evening. What ___ you do?
Were playing, do
Played, did
Have played, —
Are playing, will
Q.9. Sheren ____ what you mean. Please
explain it to her again.
Don’t understand
Didn’t understand
Doesn’t understand
Hadn’t understand
Q.10. By the end of this September, she
____in this organization for thirteen years.
Will work
Had been working
Will have been working
Will be working
Q.11. Nancy and Princy ____ to our house to
play the treasure hunt with us.
Will have been coming
Had been to come
Are coming
Come
Q.12. The flight ____ before we reach the
airport.
Will have taken off
Has taken off
Is taking off
Was taking off
Q.13. I have just ____ a typewriter and I
____ typing nowadays.
Have been hiring, have been learning
Hired, have learned
Had hired, am learning
Have been hired, had been learning
Q.14. Mother ___ me to watch time and
return soon, I replied, Please don’t worry, if
____ late tonight.
Is asking, I will be
Asked, I am
Had been asking, be
Had asked, I will be
Q.15. If she ___ late just one more time
the manager ____ suspend her.
Is arriving, is going to
Will be arriving, would
Arrives, will
Is going to arrive, would have
Q.16. They
___ out for an evening walk after they ____ dinner.
Went, had taken
go , had taken
Have gone, took
Are going, took
Q.17. The warden ___ into the room to see
what the students ____.
Go, had been doing
Went, was doing
Gone, had been doing
Went, were doing
Q.18. When our train ____ at the station, we found the bridegroom’s
family ____ for us.
Was reaching, waited
Reached, had been waiting
Have been reaching, waited
Reached, waiting
Q.19. Rohan, I ___ seen you for a long
time, How ___?
Had not, are you
Have not, have you been
Did not, had you been
Have not, are you been
Q.20. She ____ movies. ____ any recent
Hollywood movies?
Loves watching, have you watched
Love to watching, did you watched
Is loving, have you been watching
Loves watching, had you seen
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of
present tense from those given in brackets.
(a) I am attempting the Civil Services exam
coming up, so I ………………. (am/is) studying hard these days.
(b) My grandmother ……………….
(carries/carrying) a walking stick when she goes out for a walk.
(c) Shashi isn’t at home. She ……………….
(is/are) out shopping with our father.
(d) Can you speak louder please, I ……………….
(am not/cannot) hear you.
(e) My widower uncle often ……………….
(coming/comes) to our house for lunch on Sundays.
(f) Since he changed his job, he ……………….
(found/has found) more time to relax and enjoy his hobby.
(g) I feel proud of my team as it ……………….
(performed/has performed) very well.
(h) Look! They ………………. (gossip and while
away/are gossiping and whiling away) their time.
(i) An apple a day ………………. (keeps/is
keeping) the doctor away.
(j) By profession, an artist ……………….
(creates/is creating) a picture whereas an author ………………. (writes/is writing) a
book.
2. Fill in the blanks in the telephone
conversation given below with the correct present tense form of the verb given
in brackets.
Sameer : Savita! How (a) ………………. (be) you?
This is Sameer.
Savita : Ahhh……Sameer! I (b) ………………. (be)
fine. How are you?
Sameer : I’m great, thanks.
Savita : That (c) ………………. (be) good. So,
what’s up?
Sameer : Well, I (d) ………………. (has) a
problem for you to solve.
Savita : Sure, just say it.
Sameer : My motorcycle (e) ………………. (be)
defective. I (f) ………………. (try) to repair it for days. I (g) ………………. (not, know)
what is wrong with it. I (h) ………………. (no, can, fix) it.
1. Fill in the blanks with the correct form
of past tense by selecting from the options given in brackets.
(a) The other employees had already left
the office but Hani ………………. (still worked/was still working) there.
(b) A small boy ………………. (fell/was falling)
from the train when it was moving at full speed.
(c) We saw a bus fallen into a ditch when
we ………………. (went/were going) to Mansoura .
(d) Anita ………………. (burnt/was burning) her
finger while she was cooking.
(e) While I ………………. (waited/was waiting)
for my bus Rashid was running after hers.
(f) The farmer sold the crop after he
………………. (harvested/had harvested) it.
(g) Indians ………………. (had fought/fought) a
long struggle before they ………………. (had attained/attained) independence.
(h) The train ………………. (departed/had
departed) before we reached the station.
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of
past tense of the verbs given in brackets.
(a) Ali ………………. (bring up) by his father
because his mother died when he was a baby.
(b) Ramesh, who ………………. (work) in Banha for
10 years, is now seriously ill.
(c) I once ………………. (hear) Honey Singh
singing live on the stage.
(d) Majid, my best friend, ………………. (stay)
in Aswan for the last five years.
(e) Nisma (break) her left ankle bone while
she ………………. (dance) at the party.
(f) Tailor Master, are the clothes I
………………. (give) for stitching ready yet?
(g) Salem ………………. (not/write) a letter to
me since last year.
(h) Mummy, tell Papa that his phone ……………….
(ring) while he ………………. (have) his bath.
. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of future
tense of the verbs given in brackets.
(a) Now Nikhil ………………… (want) to move to a
bigger city for a better job.
(b) The famous Dr. Yaqob ………………… (operate)
on my uncle tomorrow to remove his tumour.
(c) Sara’s mother ………………… (stay) in a
rented house after her divorce gets through.
(d) Ahmad………………… (win) the wrestling bout
against Nasser this evening, I’m sure.
(e) I think Raman………………… (start) his journey
tomorrow.
(f) Our Math teacher ………………… (correct) the
exam papers by Sunday.
(g) I think Anil ………………… (certainly/get)
good marks in the Social Science test.
(h) By 7 PM, Sameera ………………… (finish) her
homework.
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of
future tense by selecting from the options given in brackets.
(a) The train ………………… (will have left/will
leave) from Rajkot by 10 PM.
(b) My grandfather will ………………… (have
arrived/be arriving) at home by now.
(c) The entertainment program ………………… (will
have ended/will end) by now.
(d) I think that tomorrow Rania ………………… (is
starting/will start) on her new project.
(e) My class teacher ………………… (probably
assigning/will probably assign) a lot of homework for the summer holidays.
(f) The building contractor ………………… (will
finishing/will have finished) my new house by next month.
(g) I will ………………… (be completing/have
completed) this task at this time tomorrow.
(h) I ………………… (will be passing/will have
passed) my MBA by the time you return from abroad.
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of
the verb (mixed tenses) given in brackets.
One day a husband and wife (a) …………………
(drive) to the countryside to visit their friends when they realized they
needed to stop for petrol. The man was filling up the car when he (b) …………………
(see) a penguin standing by the petrol pump. He (c) ………………… (think) it was very
strange and when he went to the cashier to pay, he asked, “Why is there a
penguin standing next to the pump?”
The cashier replied, “I don’t know. It (d)
………………… (be) there all morning.”
Put in the verbs in brackets in the correct
tenses.
1- ]We-------------- TV when it started to
rain. (to watch)
2- ]I ------------------- to visit you
yesterday, but you
not
at home. (to want) (to be)
3- ] Look! It -------------------, so we
can't --------------- to the beach. (to rain) (to go)
4- ] There are a lot of clouds! It----------------
soon. (to rain)
5- ] The sun--------------------- in the
east. (to rise)
6- ] Since 2011 they --------------------------
their son every year. (to visit)
7- ] While the doctor ------------------------
Mr. Jones this morning, his son
outside. (to examine) (to wait)
8- ] I---------------- for my father for
two hours. (to wait)
9- ] After Larry ----------------- the film
on TV, he decided to buy the book. (to see)
10- ] Wait a minute, I ----------------
this box for you. (to carry)
Fill in the blanks with an appropriate verb
form.
1. The boys were playing games when it
………………………. raining.
was starting
started
had started
2. You were watching TV when I ………………………
for my exam.
prepared
am preparing
was preparing
3. The phone ………………………. while I was cooking
dinner.
rings
rang
was ringing
4. How long ……………………… a social activist?
have you been
are you
were you
5. We …………………….. each other for a long
time.
knew
are knowing
have known
6. We ……………………… nothing from all the wars
in history.
are learning
have learnt
learnt
7. I ………………………… well for the exam.
prepared
have prepared
had prepared
8. I ……………………….. well for the exam, yet I
failed.
prepared
have prepared
was preparing
9. The teacher ……………………… an interesting
question in the class yesterday.
asks
has asked
asked
10. I looked around but I ……………………. anyone.
didn't find
hadn't found
don't find
11. She threw a glass at me, but ……………………
was missing
missed
had missed
2. If you don’t hurry, you …………………. the
train.
will miss
would miss
missed
Conjunctions [ Joining Words ] .
Conjunctions are joining words that join
two sentences and ae divided into kinds .
1-]Addition .
And -
as well – too
– besides – in addition .
In addition to – as well as – not only …..
but also – not only ….but …/ as well –besides – both….. and – either …or .
And – as well – too – besides – in addition
.
Ex . I will play football and watch TV.
I will play football and watch TV as well [ too , in addition , besides
]
Besides – as well as – in addition to – [
verb + ing ‘gerund’ / noun ].
Ex . Besides [ As well as – In addition
to ] going to school , he works in a
shop .
Besides [ In addition to – As
well as ] his success as a businessman , he is a
talented writer and director .
‘Both’
→ noun ‘and’
→ noun / ‘Either’ → noun ‘or’
→ noun / as well as .
Ex. Both Ahmad and Ali play football .
Ahmad as well as his brothers plays football .[ The form of the verb
follows
the first subject ]
My sister as well as her friends
is coming to the party .
Either Ahmad or Ali plays football .
Either Ali or his father and mother are coming . [ the form of the verb
follows
the second subject ]
Not only ……but also ….. / not only ……but
……as well /.
Ex . Ahmad not only played football but
also watched TV.
Ahmad not only played football but watched TV as well .
Not only did Ahmad play football but also watched TV .
Not only did Ahmad play football but watched TV as well .
Not only Ahmad but also all his classmates play football . [ the form of
the
verb follows the second subject ]
Negation :
Both
….and / either ……or / not only …….. but also / are negated by using ‘neither
……nor’ …..
The form of the verb follows the subject
after ‘nor’ .
Ex . Neither Ali nor his friends play
football .
Neither my brother nor my sisters are coming to the party .
2-] Reason [ Cause ] .
Because – since – as } sentence .
Due to – owing to – because of – through –
as a result of [ verb + ing ‘gerund’ / noun ]
Because – as – since .
Ex . I went to the doctor because [ as /
since ] I was ill .
I go to school because [ as / since ] I want to learn .
Due to – owing to – because of – through –
as a result of .
Ex . I went to the doctor due to [ owing to
– because of – through – as a result of ] being ill / my illness .
He won the prize due to [ owing to –
because of – through – as a result of ] training hard / his hard training .
3-] Result .
So – therefore – hence – consequently – as
a result } sentence .
Ex . He drove his car carelessly , so [
therefore – hence – consequently – as a result ] he had an accident .
5-] Purpose .
To – in order to – so as to } infinitive .
That – so that – in order that } sentence .
To – in order to – so as to } infinitive .
Ex. I go to the club to [ in order to – so
as to ] do karate .
That – so that – in order that } sentence .
Present simple { that – so that – in order that } may / can
+ infinitive .
Ex . We go to the beach that [ so that – in
order that ] we can ‘may’ enjoy the fresh air and go swimming .
Past simple { that – so that – in order
that } might , could + infinitive .
Ex . We went to the beach that [ so that –
in order that ] we could ‘might’ enjoy the fresh air and go swimming .
5-] Contrast .
Sentence { But , however } sentence .
Though , although – even though[{ sentence
} .
In spite of – despite { verb + ing ‘gerund’
/ noun }
But , however .
Ex. The student was ill , but [ however ]
he went to school .
Though – although – even though [ sentence
] .
Ex . Although [ although – even though ] she was tired ,
she worked hard .
Our team won the match , although [ though , even though ] they did not
play
well .
in spite of , despite { verb + ing ‘gerund’
/ noun }.
Ex . In spite of { Despite } being tired [
her tiredness ] , she worked hard .
6-]Conditionals .
If – in case – provided – providing [ that
] – as long as → sentence .
In case of , with [ verb + ing’ gerund’ /
noun ].
Unless – otherwise → sentence .
Without – but for [ verb + ing ‘gerund’ /
noun ].
1-] Zero conditional .
Present simple { if ,unless etc. } present
simple .
Ex . If we boil water , it evaporates .
If water is boiled , it evaporates .
Unless we boil water , it does not evaporate .
Unless water is boiled , it does not ‘doesn’t’ evaporate .
In case of boiling water , it evaporates .
Use :
It is used to express facts .
2-] The first conditional .
[ if
, in case , provided , providing ‘that’,
as long as ] present simple , simple
future .
Ex. If [ In case , Provided , Providing
that , As long as ] he woks hard , he
will succeed .
If [ In case , Provided , Providing that , As long as ] he doesn’t work
hard , he
will not ‘won’t’ succeed[ will fail ] .
- It is possible to use ‘ may’ if something
is possible but not certain ,and ‘can’ to express ability .We use ‘going to’
not ‘will’ , if we plan for future .
Ex. If he comes late , he may be punished .
If he trains hard , he can cross the river .
If we can’t go camping , we are going to visit Luxor .
{ In case of – with } verb + ing ‘gerund’ /
‘nouns’ .
Ex . In case of / With /training hard , he
will / may / can cross the river .
Unless = If not .
Ex . Unless
[ If not ] he trains hard , he will not ‘won’t / can not ‘can’t’ / may
not’ cross the river .
He trains hard , otherwise he won’t cross the river .
Without
/ But for →verb + ing +ing
'gerund^' noun .
Ex. Without [ But for ]training hard ‘hard
training’ , he won’t cross the river .
Uses .
1- ]It is used to express possibility or
probability .
Ex . If you study hard , you will succeed .
[ possibility ]
2-] It is used for ‘warning’ ,
‘threatening’ , ‘promise’ and ‘advice’ .
Ex . If you play here , I’ll hit you . [
threatening ]
If you play with matches , you will burn yourself . [ warning ]
If you come first , I’ll give you a prize .[ promise ]
If you eat your food , wash your hands [ you should wash your hands
].[advice]
3-] The second conditional .
[ If
, unless ] past simple [unreal past ] ,
future in the past [ would + infinitive ]
Ex . If he worked hard , he would get high
marks .
Unless he worked hard , he would not ‘wouldn’t’ get high marks .
Use :
It is used to express impossibility .
4-] The third conditional .
{ If , Unless etc. } past perfect , perfect future [ would + have + past
participle ] .
Ex . If he studied hard , he would have
succeeded . [ regret ]
If I had learned German , I would have spoken to tourists . [ wish ]
Use . It is used to express regret or wish
.
7-] The Relative Clause .
The relative clause describes , adds to the
subject or is related to it by a joining word that joins the two sentences .
1-] ‘Who’ or / ‘that’ + sentence is used when the relative clause describes or
is related to a person – subject or object .
Ex . I visited my brother . He lives in
Alexandria .
I visited my brother who [ that ] lives in Alexandria .
I respect the manager of the company . He is serious and hard-working .
I respect the manager of the company who [ that ] is serious and
hard-working .
The businessman owns a big company . He is one of the richest people .
The businessman who owns a big company is on of the richest people .
2-] ‘Which’ , or ‘that’ + sentence
describes or is related to a ‘thing’ – subject or object.
Ex . The students read in the library . It
is quiet and tidy .
The students read in the library which [ that ] is quiet and tidy .
The cow is a useful animal . It gives us meat and milk .
The cow is a useful animal which [ that ] gives us meat and milk .
3-] ‘Where’ / or ‘preposition + which’ +
sentence describes or is related to a
place .
Ex . The sea is clean . Many people swim in
tit .
The sea is clean where [ in which ] many people swim .
4-] ‘When’ / or ‘preposition + sentence’
describes or is related to ‘time’ – subject or object .
Ex . Spring is fantastic . Many birds fly
and sing .
Spring is fantastic when ‘in which’ many birds fly and sing .
5-] ‘Whose’ is used for possession .
Ex . My friend is rich . His father is a
millionaire .
My friend is rich whose father is a millionaire .
Conjunction Exercises
Complete each sentence using the
subordinating conjunction from the parenthesis:
1- ] I visit the Grand Canyon _________ I
go to Arizona. (once, whenever, wherever)
2- ] This is the place _________ we stayed
last time we visited. (where, when, how)
3- ] _________ you win first place, you
will receive a prize. (wherever, if, unless)
4- ] You won’t pass the test _________ you
study. (when, if, unless)
5- ] I could not get a seat, _________ I came
early. (as, though, when)
6- ] We are leaving Wednesday _________ or
not it rains. (if, whether, though)
7- ] Pay attention to your work _________
you will not make mistakes. (so that, unless, or)
8- ] The musicians delivered a rousing
performance _________ they had rehearsed often. (though, as, once)
9- ] She’s honest _________ everyone trusts
her. (if, so, when)
10- ] Write this down _________ you forget.
(or, when, lest)
Complete each sentence using the correct
correlative conjunction pair from the parenthesis:
1- ]I plan to take my vacation _________ in
June _________ in July. (whether / or, either / or, as / if)
2- ] _________ I’m feeling happy _________
sad, I try to keep a positive attitude. (either / or, whether / or, when / I’m)
3- ] _________ had I taken my shoes off
_________ I found out we had to leave again. (no sooner / than, rather / than,
whether / or)
4- ] _________ only is dark chocolate
delicious, _________ it can be healthy. (whether / or, not / but, just as / so)
5- ] _________ I have salad for dinner,
_____________________I can have ice cream for dessert. (if /then, when / than,
whether / or)
6- ] _________ flowers _________ trees grow
_________ during warm weather. (not only / or, both / and, not / but)
7- ] _________ do we enjoy summer vacation,
_________ we _________ enjoy winter break. (whether / or, not only / but also,
either / or)
8- ] Calculus is _________ easy _________
difficult _________ (not / but, both / and, either / or)
9- ] It’s _________ going to rain _________
snow tonight. (as / if, either / or, as / as)
10- ] Savory flavors are _________ sweet
_________ sour. (often / and, neither / nor, both / and)
Complete each sentence using the correct
coordinating conjunction from the parenthesis:
1- ] My car has a radio _________ a CD
player. (but, or, and)
2- ] Sharon hates to listen to rap music,
_________ will she tolerate heavy metal. (but, nor, or)
3- ] Carol wanted to drive to Colorado,
_________ Bill insisted that they fly. (and, or, but)
4- ] I’m afraid of heights, _________ I
appreciate the view from the top of this building. (and, yet, nor)
5- ] I have to be on time, _________ my
boss will be annoyed if I’m late. (and, nor, for)
6- ] Do you like chocolate _________
vanilla ice cream better? (or, nor, and)
7- ] I have to go to work at six, _________
I’m waking up at four. (but, so, yet)
8- ] I was on time, _________ everyone else
was late. (so, but, for)
9- ] Nadia doesn’t like to drive, _________
she takes the bus everywhere. (but, yet, so)
10- ] Our trip to the museum was
interesting, _________ there were several new artifacts on display. (but, for,
yet)
Complete each sentence using the correct
coordinating conjunctive adverb from the parenthesis:
1- ] Bianca wore her rain boots; _________,
her feet stayed dry during the storm. (however, therefore, on the other hand)
2- ] I love the color red; _________, this
shade seems a little too bright. (therefore, nonetheless, in fact)
3- ] You have to be on time; _________,
you’ll miss the train. (nonetheless, however, otherwise)
4- ] Teresa likes to read; _________, her
sister Julia prefers to watch TV. (however, in contrast, again)
5- ] She really wanted to eat ice cream;
_________, she had a salad. (however, likewise, instead)
6- ] We were working hard; _________, Jill
and Jerry were lounging by the pool. (meanwhile, instead, therefore)
7- ] He is a weak leader; _________, he has
plenty of supporters. (otherwise, moreover, nevertheless)
8- ] She has an incredible voice;
_________, she will go far in her music career. (otherwise, undoubtedly,
similarly)
9- ] Natalie wanted to make pie but didn’t
have apples; _________, she decided to bake a cake. (therefore, namely, in
contrast)
10- ] We had hoped to go to Spain;
_________, we ended up in France. (otherwise, instead, again)
Complete with the correct conjunction.
1- ] I need to work hard -------------- I
can pass the exam.
2- ] ------------- he was the best
candidate, he didn't win the elections.
3- ] -------------------- you come back
from your trip, we'll meet to discuss the problem.
4- ] They said that the movie was
fantastic, ---------------- I watched it.
5- ] ------------------- he was very ill,
he didn't take any medicine.
6- ] I don't know ---------------------- I
can buy a pair of jeans.
7- ] She went to the shops------------------
couldn't find anything that could fit her needs.
8- ] Everybody likes him because he is nice
------------------- helpful.
9- ] --------------- he was angry with her,
he didn't utter a word.
10- ] Keep quiet ---------------------- go
out.
Choose the correct answer (and or but)
1- ] It was a difficult exam,--------------
I passed it.
2- ] She worked hard ---------------------
made a lot of money.
3- ] He looks too serious, ---------------
in fact, he's so much fun.
4- ] I was against the new project, ----------------------
I accepted to help.
5- ] He was late ---------------- wasn't
allowed to get in.
6- ] It was very expensive, ----------------
I bought it.
7- ] She was very poor, ------------------
she never asked for help.
8- ] He wanted to eat sushi for dinner, ------------------
he couldn't find a Japanese restaurant.
9- ] He stopped talking --------------------
lit a cigarette.
10- ] I wanted to attend the meeting, ----------------
I couldn't because I was very ill.
Choose the correct answer :
1- ] I like sugar in my tea, [and – but –
or – so ] I don't like milk in it.
2- ] Listen to the story [ and – because –
but – or ] answer the questions in
complete sentences.
3- ] Is it Thursday [ and – but – or – then
] Friday today?
4- ] He was late [ although – because – but
– or ] the bus didn't come.
5- ] We were very tired [ and – but – or –
so ] happy after our flight to Sydney.
6- ] They climbed the mountain [ although –
nor – or – so ] it was very windy.
7- ] [ And – But – So – While ] Lenny was
watching the planes his wife was reading in the car.
8- ]I'll text you [ after – or – so – then
] I have arrived in Toronto.
9- ] Neither my brother [ and – but – nor –
so ] my sister own a car.
10- The sun was warm, [ after – nor – so –
yet ]
the
wind was a bit too cool.
Choose the correct answer :
I will phone you ... I arrive at the hotel,
the minute I get there, I promise.
when
until
? as soon as
? after
... the weather is good tomorrow, we will
go out for a picnic.
? If
? When
? Until
? As soon as
What ... when you get home tonight?
? you do
? will you do
? do you do
? do you
If ... hard, I will achieve good results.
? I will study
? I study
? I'm studying
? I studied
After ... school, I want to go to
university.
? I leave
? I will leave
? I'm going to leave
? I'm leaving
Don't wait up for me tonight; I won't be
back ... late.
? before
? when
? until
? after
If he ... that plant soon, it will die.
? not water
? waters
? don't water
? doesn't water
I can't wait ... the skiing season starts.
? until
? before
? when
? while
If I ... back late tonight, I'll just order
a pizza.
? gets
? will get
? got
? get
This is important, can you send the
document ... possible.
? when
? if
? until
? as soon as
Don't worry, if I have any problem, ...
you.
? I call
? I'll call
? I'm going to call
? I'm calling
Use the words in the box to complete the
sentences below.
[ in case unless
provided in the event whether ]
1- ] ---------------- that Jane sees the
broken vase, just tell her the dog ran into it.
2- ] Bring my phone number with you when
you travel -------------- you need to get in contact with me.
3- ]
-----------------that you have filled out the form correctly, you should get
your refund within seven working days.
4- ]
---------------------you tell me where to go, I'll get lost.
5- ] Bring these chips with you--------------------
you get hungry on the journey.
6- ] Jane needs to know----------------------
you still want to buy her old car or not.
Q1 - She didn't like _____ of them.
either
neither
Q2 - Doesn't she like _____ of them?
either
neither
Q3 - I'm sorry, but I couldn't get through
to ______ of them.
either
neither
Q4 - _____ of them told me about it so I
didn't go.
Either
Neither
Q5 - Did you manage to speak to _____ of
them by any chance?
either
neither
Q6 - If _____ of them can come, I'll be
upset- I hope at least one turns up.
either
neither
Q7 - We use a negative verb with...
either
neither
Q8 - Neither...
...or
...nor
Q9 - Either...
...or
...nor
Q10 - We ____ a negative verb with
'neither'.
use
don't use
Choose the right indefinite pronouns each,
every, either, neither, none, no, all to complete the following sentences in
English.
The room was full of people and ______ were
speaking.
? all of them
? neither of them
? none of them
? each of them
I looked everywhere for my pen and it was
here ______.
? all the time
? each time
? every time
? none of the time
I had ________ a hundred offers for my car.
? no less than
? each
? neither
? all
He walked into the room with a knife in
either _______.
? hand
? door
? side
? one
I tried to lift the heavy box but it was
______.
? neither good
? no good
? no less than good
? not good
I feel tired this evening. I've been
working hard _______.
? each day
? every day
? all day
? day by day
The two cars were not in good condition, so
I didn't buy ______.
? both of them
? either of them
? neither of them
? each of them
______ spent more time walking a century
ago.
? All
? Each people
? All persons
? All people
People say that there is _______ like show
business.
? all business
? all business
? no business
? not business
My girlfriend has got a gold earring in
______.
? the
ears
? her two ears
? each ear
? every ear
Complete the sentences with both/ neither/
either/ both of/ neither of/ either of.
1- ] 'Do you want tea or coffee? ' ---------------,
I really don’t mind.'
2. 'What day is it today - the 18th or the
19th?' ------------, It’s the 20th,'
3. 'There are two sandwiches here; which
one shall I take? / 'Oh, take -----------: the sandwich with ham or the
sandwich with cheese.'
4. I asked two people the way to the
station but--------------them could help me.
5. 'When shall I phone you, morning or
afternoon?' ----------------, I’ll be in all day.'
6. 'Where’s Kate? Is she at work or at
home?'-----------------, she's away on holiday.'
7. To get to the town centre you can go
along the footpath by the river or you can go along the road. You can go ---------------way.
8. I tried to call George twice but----------------
times he was out.
9. ----------------------Tom's parents is
English. His father is Polish and his mother is Italian.
10. I was invited to two parties last week
but I didn't go to -----------------them
11. Sarah and I play tennis together
regularly but-------------------us can play very well.
12. I tried two bookshops for the book I
wanted but ----------------them had it.
13. There were two windows in the room. It
was very warm, so I opened ---------------them
Active & Passive Voice .
The active sentence is that with an active
‘doer’ or ‘subject’ , but the ‘doer’ or ‘subject’ is passive in the passive
sentence – the emphasis is on the verb or action itself not the doer or subject
.
Ex . The carpenter makes chairs . [ active
- the emphasis is on the ‘doer’]
Chairs are made by the carpenter . [ passive - emphasis is on the verb not the ‘doer ]
How to change from active into passive :
1-] The object is used as the subject of
the passive sentence .
2-] Verb ‘to be’ is used as a helping verb,
depending on the tense of the active sentence and the object used as a subject
.
3-] The past participle of the verb .
4-[ by + the subject .
I →me / We →us /She →her / He →him / It →it / They →them /
You →you .
The passive sentence in the different
tenses .
1-] The present simple passive .
Am , is , are + past participle .
Ex . We play football .
Football is played by us .
They grow cows in their farm .
Cows are grown by them in their farm .
2-] The past simple passive .
Was , were + past participle .
Ex . They made some kites .
Some kites were made by them .
I scored a goal .
A goal was scored by me .
3-] The present continuous passive .
Am , is , are + being + past participle .
Ex . He is studying English .
English is being studied by him .
She is reading many books .
Many books are being read by her .
4-] The past continuous passive .
Was , were + being + past participle .
Ex . He was repairing the computer .
The computer was being repaired by her .
The students were drawing maps .
Maps were being drawn by the students .
5-] The present perfect passive .
Has , have + been + past participle .
Ex . I have irrigated the field .
The field has been irrigated by me .
She has bought some books .
Some books have been bought by her .
6-]The past perfect passive .
Had + been + past participle .
Ex . You had passed the test .
The test had been passed by you .
7-] The modals and ‘to’ infinitive .
Modal + be + past participle .
Must , have to , has to , shall , should ,
will , would , may , might , ought to , can , could , need to , going to .
Ex . I will play the match .
The match will be played by me .
We are going to write the lesson .
The lesson is going to be written by us .
He has to pass the test .
The test has to be passed by him .
Notes .
1-] They started [ began ] to respect him .
He started [ began ] to be respected by them .
2-] We had thought prices rose sharply .
It had been thought that prices rose sharply .
Prices had been thought to rise sharply .
3-] She missed her friends meeting her in
the club .
She missed being met by her friends in the club .
4-] His father didn’t let him go .
He was not allowed to go .
5-] I haven’t told anyone about my journeys
.
No one has been told about my journeys .
6-] People say the director is going to
resign .
It is said that the director is going to resign .
7-] Nobody can solve this problem .
This problem cannot be solved by anyone .
8-] He started to read .
Reading was started by him .
The Causative .
Get + past participle .
This form can be used instead of verb ‘to
be’ form .
Ex . The traffic jam delayed him to attend
the conference .
He was delayed by the traffic jam to attend the conference .
He got delayed by the traffic jam .
The police arrested the thief .
The thief was arrested by the police .
The thief got arrested by the police .
- We can do the same with these verbs such
as [ elected , married to , caught , divorced , killed , suck , lost , hurt ,
injured , confused , dressed , puzzled , dismissed ].
Using ‘get’ and ‘have’ as causative :
Subject
+ have , get [ in different tenses ] + object + past participle .
Use :
The causative is used when the subject has
the ‘service’ or ‘something done’ by another person or others .
Ex . The mechanic will repair his car . [
get / have ]
He will have [ get ] his car repaired by the mechanic .
Subject + will + have ‘get’ + object + past
participle .
The mechanic has repaired my car .
I have had [ got ] my car repaired by the
mechanic .
The Passive Constructions .
The passive constructions express what is
said by people in general or unknown groups of people .
Form :
It + [ verb to be in different tenses ]
+past participle + that + sentence .
Ex . People think that Ali will pass the
test .
It is thought that Ali will pass
the test .
It
+ verb to be ‘is’ + past participle + that + sentence .
Scientists may believe that pollution will end life on earth .
It may be believed that pollution will end life on earth .
We can start with the subject after ‘that’
, so the form of the sentence is formed in this way :
Subject + verb’ to be’ [ in different
tenses ] + past participle + to + infinitive .
Ex . They expect the athlete will get a
medal in the Olympic Games .
The athlete is expected to get a
medal in the Olympic Games .
Other Examples .
--It is recommended to use that medicine .
It is recommended that you use that
medicine .
That medicine is recommended to be used .
- It is expected to live in space .
Experts expect living in space .
- It was reported that there was a fire .
A
fire was reported to be there .
Some verbs used for passive construction :
agree claim estimate suggest
allege consider appreciate suppose
announce decide expect say
assume discover
propose show
believe feel
recommend declare
calculate find know think
mention understand
prove conclude
Change the following active sentences into
passive voice.
1. I did not beat her.
She is not beaten by me.
She has not beaten by me.
She was not beaten by me.
2. I will never forget this experience.
This experience is not forgotten by me.
This experience would never be forgotten by
me.
This experience will never be forgotten by
me.
3. Mother made a cake yesterday.
A cake made by mother yesterday.
A cake is made by mother yesterday.
A cake was made by mother yesterday.
4. The boy teased the girl.
The girl was teased by the boy.
The girl had teased by the boy.
5. Did she do her duty?
Was she done her duty?
Was her duty done by her?
Had her duty done by her?
6. The tiger was chasing the deer.
The deer was chased by the tiger.
The deer was being chased by the tiger.
The deer had chased by the tiger.
7. She has written a novel.
A novel has written by her.
A novel has been written by her.
A novel had written by her.
8. She has learned her lessons.
Her lessons has learned by her.
Her lessons have been learned by her.
Her lessons had been learned by her.
9. Have you finished the report?
Has the report finished by you?
Has the report been finished by you?
Had the report been finished by you?
10. The police have caught the thief.
The thief has been caught by the police.
The thief was caught by the police.
The thief had been caught by the police .
Change these active sentences to passive.
1) The Government is planning a new road
near my house.
2) My grandfather built this house in 1943.
3) Picasso was painting Guernica at that
time.
4) The cleaner has cleaned the office.
5) He had written three books before 1867.
6) John will tell you later.
7) By this time tomorrow we will have
signed the deal.
8) Somebody should do the work.
9) The traffic might have delayed Jimmy.
10) People speak Portuguese in Brazil.
11) Everybody loves Mr. Brown.
12) They are building a new stadium near
the station.
13) The wolf ate the princess.
14) At six o'clock someone was telling a
story.
15) Somebody has drunk all the milk!
16) I had cleaned all the windows before
the storm.
17) A workman will repair the computer
tomorrow.
18) By next year the students will have
studied the passive.
19) James might cook dinner.
20) Somebody must have taken my wallet.
Rewrite the sentences in passive voice.
1- ] John collects money. -
2- ] Anna opened the window. -
3- ] We have done our homework. -
4- ] I will ask a question. -
5- ] He can cut out the picture. -
6- ] The sheep ate a lot. -
7- ] We do not clean our rooms. -
8- ] William will not repair the car. -
9- ] Did Sue draw this circle? -
10- ] Could you feed the dog? –
Sentences are in the active voice. Change
them into the passive voice.
1. He usually buys the tickets.
.
2. We booked the flights.
.
3. He opened the bottle easily.
.
4. She cleans my shoes.
.
5. They arrested the burglars.
.
6. He wrote the note.
.
7. They washed the car.
.
8. She found the key.
.
9. He sold his coin collection.
.
10. We started a new system.
.
11. Someone stole his car.
.
12. They used the towels.
.
13. We turned on the TV.
.
14. She served tea at 4.
.
15. The rain flooded the camp.
.
Positive & Negative Agreement .
So / neither .
Using ‘so’ for ‘positive agreement’ :
So + helping verb + subject .
Ex . Alan comes to school early , so do I .
Ali is a student , so is his friend .
Huda went to the park , so did her parents .
He is studying hard , so am I .
Using ‘neither’ for ‘negative agreement’ .
Neither + helping verb + subject.
Ex . Salem isn’t a student , neither is his
friend .
They won’t go fishing , neither will I
We shan’t be here , neither shall our
friends .
The children didn’t have enough food ,
neither did Sami .
Verbs Followed By Infinitive Or Gerund .
A list of verbs that are followed by ‘to’ +
infinitive only :
|
expect |
agree |
arrange |
attempt |
|
dare |
long |
manage |
decide |
|
demand |
deserve |
offer |
pretend |
|
promise |
hope |
learn |
refuse |
|
threaten |
want |
wish |
mean |
Ex . He arranged to meet he manager .
He threatened to kill the blackmailer.
They offered to help us .
She pretended to be ill .
He refused to come .
He longs to return home .
She deserves to get a prize .
He attempted to climb the mountain .
He expected to increase the production .
A list of some common verbs followed by the
gerund .
|
miss |
finish |
deny |
dislike |
|
avoid |
regret |
risk |
delay |
|
practise |
recommend |
like |
prevent |
|
hate |
enjoy |
suggest |
can’t help |
|
give up |
go on |
keep on |
put off |
|
can’t bear / stand |
detest |
look forward to |
don’t mind |
Ex . The thief denied committing the crime
.
I suggest camping near the sea .
He gave up smoking .
She enjoys reading stories .
I can’t bear [ stand ] listening to loud music .
Verbs that take either form , with a slight
change in meaning :
Begin – start – continue – prefer .
Ex. When he began to [ started to ] play
the match , he broke his leg .
[
just a particular occasion ]
He began [ started ] playing football ,
when he was six .
[ general statement ‘activity’ ]
She continued to play music in the party .
She has
continued playing music since she was ten .
We prefer to have tea not coffee .
We prefer having tea .
Verbs that take either form with a big
change in meaning :
Remember – forget – try – regret – stop .
Ex . He remembered to see his uncle . [ He
remembered and then saw ‘did the verb’. ]
He remembered seeing his uncle . [ He saw ‘did the verb’ and remembered
later. ]
He forgot to meet the customer .[ He didn’t meet the customer . ]
He forgot meeting the customer .[ He met and couldn’t remember or forgot
that. ]
He regretted to play the match . [ He was sorry because it was necessary
to play. ]
He regretted playing the match . [ He was sorry because he played ‘did
the verb’.]
He stopped to play the piano . [ He stopped doing something to play the
piano . ]
He stopped playing the piano . [ He stopped and didn’t play any more . ]
Try to open the door . [ See if you can open the door – make an attempt
. ]
Try opening the door . [ Make an experiment to see the effect of what
happens .]
Gerunds and Infinitives Exercises
Put the verb into the gerund or the
infinitive:
1) She delayed (get) out of bed.
2) He demanded (speak) to the manager.
3) I offered (help).
4) I miss (go) to the beach.
5) We postponed (do).
6) I'd hate (arrive) too late.
7) She admitted (steal) the money.
8) I chose (work) here.
9) She waited (buy) a drink.
10) I really appreciate (be) on holiday.
11) I couldn't help (laugh) .
12) It seems (be) raining.
13) I considered (move) to Spain.
14) They practised (speak).
15) Finally I managed (finish) the work.
16) I really can't stand (wait) for the
bus.
17) Unfortunately, we can't afford (buy) a
new car this year.
18) She risked (be) late.
19) I'd love (come) with you.
20) I prepared (go) on holiday.
Put the verb into either the gerund (-ing)
or the infinitive (with 'to'):
1) I don't fancy (go) out tonight.
2) She avoided (tell) him about her plans.
3) I would like (come) to the party with
you.
4) He enjoys (have) a bath in the evening.
5) She kept (talk) during the film.
6) I am learning (speak) English.
7) Do you mind (give) me a hand?
8) She helped me (carry) my suitcases.
9) I've finished (cook) - come and eat!
10) He decided (study) biology.
11) I dislike (wait).
12) He asked (come) with us.
13) I promise (help) you tomorrow.
14) We discussed (go) to the cinema, but in
the end we stayed at home.
15) She agreed (bring) the pudding to the
dinner.
16) I don't recommend (take) the bus - it
takes forever!
17) We hope (visit) Amsterdam next month.
18) She suggested (go) to the museum.
19) They plan (start) college in the
autumn.
20) I don't want (leave) yet.
Put the verb into the gerund or the
infinitive
1) It appears (be) raining.
2) We intend (go) to the countryside this
weekend.
3) I pretended (be) sick so I didn't have
to go to work.
4) Can you imagine (live) without TV?
5) They tolerate (smoke) but they prefer
people not to.
6) I anticipate (arrive) on Tuesday.
7) A wedding involves (negotiate) with
everyone in the family.
8) He denies (steal) the money.
9) He claims (be) a millionaire but I don't
believe him.
10) I expect (be) there about seven.
11) Julia reported (see) the boys to the
police.
12) It tends (rain) a lot in Scotland.
13) Do you recall (meet) her at the party
last week?
14) She mentioned (go) to the cinema, but I
don't know what she decided to do in the end.
15) The teenager refused (go) on holiday
with his parents.
16) I understand (be) late once or twice,
but every day is too much!
17) I would prefer you (come) early if you
can.
18) That criminal deserves (get) a long
sentence.
19) She completed (paint) her flat.
20) We arranged (meet) at four but at four
thirty she still hadn't arrived.
Put the verb into the gerund or the
infinitive:
1) I couldn't sleep so I tried (drink) some
hot milk.
2) She tried (reach) the book on the high
shelf but she was too small.
3) They tried (get) to the party on time
but the bus was delayed.
4) We tried (open) the window, but it was
so hot outside it didn't help.
5) He tried (get) a job in a newspaper firm
but they wouldn't hire him.
6) He tried (get) a job in a newspaper firm
but he still wasn't satisfied.
7) You should stop (smoke), it's not good
for your health.
8) We stopped (study) because we were
tired.
9) They will stop (have) lunch at twelve.
10) We stopped (have) a rest because we
were really sleepy.
11) Oh no! I forgot (buy) milk.
12) Please don't forget (pick up) some
juice on your way home.
13) I forget (lock) the door, but I'm sure
I must have locked it.
14) Have we studied this before? I've
forgotten (learn) it.
15) Please remember (bring) your homework.
16) I remember (go) to the beach as a
child.
17) Finally I remembered (bring) your book!
Here it is.
18) Do you remember (eat) steak in that
little restaurant in Rome?
19) I regret (tell) you the train has been
delayed.
20) I regret (tell) Julie my secret. Now
she has told everyone.
Question Tags .
Question tags are short questions at the
end of a statement , used for certainty or assurance .
Ex . He came today , didn’t he ?
Form :
Auxiliary verb or modal + subjective
pronoun .
Ex . He plays well , doesn’t he ?
He will play , won’t he ?
Rule :
1-] If the statement is positive , the
question tag is negative and the reply to the question is positive or
affirmative .
Ex . A : They decided to go , didn’t they ?
B : Yes , they did .
2] If the statement is negative , the
question tag is positive and the reply to the question is negative .
Ex . A : They didn’t decide to travel , did
they ?
B : No , they didn’t .
Other cases of question tags :
1-] I am →aren't I
Ex . I am an honest man , aren’t I ?
I am not → am I
Ex . I am not coming , am I ?
2-] This is / That is → isn’t…
Ex .This is a good boy , isn’t he ?
These are / Those are → aren’t they
Ex . These are good boys , aren’t they ?
3-] There is / are →aren't there / isn’t
there
Ex . There is a boy , isn’t there ?
There are boys , aren’t there ?
4-] Let’s [ suggestion ] → shall we
Ex . Let’s go home , shall we ?
5-] Let [ imperative ] → won’t you
Ex . Let me go home , won’t you ?
6-] Imperative [ could , would , can ]
→ will you
Ex . Open the window , please , will you
Would you mind opening the window , will you ?
Could you open the window , will you ?
7-] Negative imperative → will you .
Ex . Don’t swim in the dirty water , will
you ?
8-] Everyone , each one → don’t , didn’t
etc. they
Ex. Everyone likes football , don’t they ?
Everyone liked football , didn’t they ?
9-] Nothing
→ is / does / will etc. it
Ex . Nothing is bad , will it ?
10-] No one → do / did / is etc. they
Ex . No one came late , did they ?
11-] Somebody → do / did / is etc. they
Ex . Somebody helped them , didn’t they ?
12- ] Verb → sentence [ the question tag
follows the other verb of the sentence ]
Ex . I believe he will play , won’t he ?
They thought him swam in the sea , didn’t he ?
Exercises
Write the correct word in the boxes below.
[ isn't aren't don't doesn't
]
1.He's rich, ---------------- he?
2.These are your glasses, ---------------
they?
3.You live in Fairfield, --------------
you?
4.It's a lovely day,------------------- it?
5.I'm late, -------------------- I?
6.You smoke, ------------------ you?
7.They walk to work, ------------ they?
8.Bill likes chocolate, --------------------
he?
9.Those flowers are beautiful, ----------------
they?
10.Anna is from Sweden, ---------------
she?
Choose the correct answer :
1. You are ill, ________?
isn't you?
aren't you?
are
you?
2. Sarah is happy, ___________
doesn't she?
isn't she?
is
she?
3. They are busy, ___________
can't they?
do
they?
aren't they?
4. He can’t speak English___________
can't he?
can
he?
does
he?
5. My mum can cook well___________-
doesn't she?
can't she?
can
she?
6. You didn’t study, ___________
do
you?
didn't you?
did
you?
7. Your teacher was angry____________
was
she?
wasn't she?
didn't she?
8. You waited too long,____________
do
you?
were
you?
didn't you?
9. She has a new car____________
hasn't she?
has
she?
does
she?
10. You like beer_____________
do
you?
doesn't you?
don't you?
11. You were afraid______________
weren't you?
were
you?
are
you?
12. The baby sleeps well ______________
doesn't she?
does
she?
is
she?
13. Your team plays every Saturday,
___________-
don't they
do
they?
are
they?
14. You can play the piano,__________
do
you?
can't you?
can
you?
15. It is cold,_______________
isn't it?
is
it?
does
it?
Write
the correct word in the boxes below.
[ was wasn't did didn't were weren't
]
1.You saw George yesterday, -----------
you?
2.We weren't wrong, -------------- we?
3.He didn't go, --------------- he?
4.I was correct, --------------- I?
5.It didn't rain last night, --------------------
it?
6.You were sick at the party, ---------------
you?
7.She didn't leave early, -------------------
she?
8.He wasn't looking at me, --------------
he?
9.They got married last year, -----------
they?
10.They weren't going, ---------------
they?
Fill in the correct question tag:
1. Your mobile isn´t new, ---------------?
2. The test isn´t difficult, ------------------?
3. Peter isn´t at home, -------------------?
4. Sue isn´t in her room, ----------------------?
5. We aren´t late, -------------------------?
6. Mr. and Mrs. Brown aren´t in the taxi, --------------?
7. The prize isn´t good, -------------------?
8. The bag isn´t expensive, --------------------?
9. You aren´t in London, are --------------------------?
10. The football game isn´t this weekend, -------------------?
Fill in the gaps with the right question
tags in English.
1. I'm late, ------------------?
2. They're waiting, ---------------------?
3. He's left, -----------------------?
4. It works, ------------------------?
5. I've finished, -----------------------?
6. You like it, -----------------------------?
7. You can see him, --------------------------?
8. I'm not late, ------------------------?
9. He isn't leaving, --------------------------?
10. He hasn't finished, -----------------------------?
Definite & Indefinite Articles .
The / a , an .
1-]The Indefinite article ‘ a ‘ / ‘an’ :
1-] We use ‘a’ before a singular countable
noun beginning with a consonant .
Ex . a car / a boy / a table / a shelf / a
desk etc.
I have a car , a boat and a farm .
2-] We use ‘an’ before a singular countable
noun , beginning with a vowel [ a , e , i , o , u ] .
Ex . an apple / an egg / an ice-cream / an
orange / an umbrella .
I had an apple , an egg , an orange and an
ice-cream .
3-] In a passage or a speech , we use ‘a’
or ‘an’ , if the noun is mentioned for the first time . Then ‘the’ is used .
Ex . We have a house with a garden . The
house is big and the garden is beautiful .
Note .
The articles ‘a’ , ‘an’ or ‘the’ precede
the adjective or adjectives that denote the noun .
Ex . a tall , big man / an expensive ,
attractive car / the new hotel .
2-]Countable & Uncountable Nouns .
1-] There are nouns that can be used as
countable or uncountable .
Ex . a cake – cake / an ice-cream – ice-cream .
I like cake and ice-cream .
I bought two cakes and two ice-creams .
2-] We can make singular or plural of
uncountable nouns by using certain words [ a piece of / a bit of / an item of ] .
Ex . a piece of advice / information /
furniture / news .
a bit of news / information / advice .
an item of food [ plural food items ]
3-] We use units of weight or measurement
to make singular or plural of uncountable nouns
[ kilo – litre – metre etc. ]
Ex . a kilo of sugar / meat / orange etc.
a litre of oil / milk / juice etc.
a metre of cloth
4-] We use packages and containers to make
singular or plural of uncountable nouns .
Bottle – tube – packet – tin – can – sack –
carton – cup – glass etc.
Ex . a jar of [ jam , coffee ] – a tube of
[ toothpaste ]– a packet of [ tea , salt ] – a bottle of [ juice – milk – oil –
water etc. ] – a tin of [ sardine ] – a can of [ juice ,Pepsi ] – a sack of [
rice , wheat , corn etc. ] – a carton of [ milk , juice etc. ] – a cup of [
tea, coffee] – a glass of [ water , milk , lemonade etc. ].
5-] We use units and parts to make singular
and plural of uncountable nouns .
Ex . a loaf of bread – a cube of meat – a
piece of bread – a slice of meat / bread etc.
3-] When we mention somebody’s job or
nationality .
Ex . He is a French .
She is an Egyptian .
He is an accountant .
He is a lawyer .
5-] We use ‘a’ / ‘an’ , when we speak about
the number .
Ex . a pair of [ shoes , socks , sandals
etc. ] – a couple of [ minutes , girls , chairs etc. ]
, a score ‘twenty’ of [ sheets , chairs etc. ] – a dozen of
‘twelve’ [ sheep , cats , people etc. ] - a hundred , a thousand , a million ,
a billion .
Ex . This shirt costs a hundred pounds .
I have ten thousand pounds .
There are hundreds / thousands / millions / billions of pounds in the
bank .
6- ] We use ‘a’ / ‘an’ with expressions of
speed , price and times .
Ex . Twenty pounds a kilo of cheese .
The speed of the car is sixty kilometres an hour [ per hour ] .
Unemployment increased at a rate of 70% [ seventy per cent ] .
I go to the club once , twice, three , four/ times – a week , a month ,
a year etc.
7-]We use ‘a’ / ‘an’ with diseases .
Ex. a cough , a headache , a flu , a fever
, a cut , a wound etc.
I had a cold last week .
The Definite Article ‘the’ .
1-] We use ‘the’ , when we speak about
something definite .
Ex . The farmer in the field irrigated his
land .
2-] We use ‘the’ , when we speak about a
species of animals or plants .
Ex . The camel is the ship of the desert .
The dog is a loyal and faithful animal .
3-] When there is only one thing .
Ex . the sun – the moon – the earth .
The earth goes round the sun .
4-] The names of the rivers , seas , oceans
, ranges of mountains , islands etc.
Ex . The River Nile is the longest river in
the world .
Tourists like to dive in the Red Sea .
The Alps are in Europe .
The Pacific Ocean is the biggest ocean in the world .
5-] Some countries [ especially of two
words ]
Ex. the Sudan , the Yemen , the Lebanon ,
the United States of America , the United Kingdom , the United Arab Emirates
etc.
6-] When we use an adjective to mean a group of people .
Ex . The rich must help the poor .
The young must respect the old .
7-] Inventions and places of entertainment
.
Ex . the radio – the internet – the cinema
– the telephone
Bell invented the telephone .
I like to log on the internet .
I go to the cinema every week .
I listen to the radio .
8-] Musical instruments .
Ex . the drum , the piano , the guitar ,
the violin etc.
She likes playing the violin and the guitar
.
No Article .
We do not use ‘a’ / ‘an’ / or ‘the’ :
1-] When we use abstract nouns and material
nous to mean the material as a whole or in general .
Ex . – freedom , justice , courage ,
bravery , slavery , boldness etc. [ abstract nouns ]
- wood , milk , oil , money , sugar , ink , iron etc. [ material nouns ]
Wood is used in making paper .
The bag is made of leather .
Slavery is prohibited .
2-] The days of the week , months and
seasons .
Ex . We do not go to work on Friday .
It is cold in winter and hot in
summer .
I will travel next January .
3-] The meals .
Ex . breakfast , lunch , dinner ,super .
I have lunch at four o’clock .
4-] Names of countries , cities , towns ,
areas , people etc. [ proper names ].
Ex . Egypt , Cairo , London . France , John
, Mohammad , Huda , Aswan etc.
We live in Cairo . Jane is my pen- friend .
5-] When we use plural countable nouns to
make general statements such as people , food , jobs and plants .
Ex . Nurses work in hospitals .
Women and men must cooperate to bring up their children.
Doctors and engineers are the graduates of practical faculties .
Shrimps are delicious .
Trees are the factories of oxygen on earth .
6-] When we speak about activities , sports
, school subjects , languages , actions and processes .
Ex . drawing , football , tennis , Arabic ,
French , Science , Religion , breathing , evaporation , fishing , swimming ,
hunting etc.
I like to go swimming every week .
Sailing is my favourite sport .
My favourite subject is Science [ Algebra ]
.
Breathing is necessary for life .
My favourite hobby is reading .
Notes .
Notice the difference in the following examples .
1-] I go to bed [ sleep ] / I go to the bed [ a piece of furniture ]
Ex . I go to bed at ten o’clock .
I went o the bed in the hotel to bring my wallet .
2-] go home = go to the house - at home = in the house
Ex . I go home at four o’clock .
My father was at home yesterday .
3-] at sea = sailing , - in the sea =
swimming
Ex. We were at sea , when the storm blew .
I stayed at the beach , but my brother was in the sea all the time .
4-] TV [media ]- the TV [ a set ].
Ex . He watched TV last night . [media ]
He put the book on the TV. [ a set ]
5-] prison – the prison / school – the
school / hospital – the hospital / office – the office .
Ex . I go to office [ school , hospital ]
every day . [ working , at work ]
We went to the hospital to visit our sick friend there . [ visitor , not
working there]
The criminal was sent to prison . [ imprisoned ]
The lawyer went to the prison to see his friend , the officer working
there . [visitor]
6-] mosque , church [ pray ] the mosque ,
church [ visit ]
Ex . I go to mosque all the days of the
week .
Christians go to church every Sunday .
Tourists like to visit the ancient mosques and churches .
Exercises
Put ‘a’ or ‘an’
1-] A hammer is .... useful tool.
2- ]Here is ... ticket for the football
match.
3- ] This is ... interesting book.
4- ]It's .... ugly car.
5- ] I'll see you in ... hour.
6- ] There's ... cat in the garden.
7- ] Mrs. Johnson is ... English teacher.
8- ] Britain is ... island.
9- ] Do you want ... egg for breakfast?
10- ] There is ... old tree next to this
house.
11- ] French is not .... easy language.
12- ] Are you .... student?
13- ] This is ... new book.
14- ] They're at .... restaurant.
15- ] I'm tired. I need .... holiday.
Put ‘a’ or ‘an
1. How many exercises can you do in _____
hour?
2. She needs _____ hair cut.
3. I'm taking _____ history class at the
university.
4. That's _____ one way street.
5. Is that _____ squid?
6. Let's get _____ ice cream cone.
7. He has _____ one track mind.
8. Are you _____ optimist?
9. There were _____ lot of people here
yesterday.
10. She gets 60 e-mails _____ day.
11.Did anyone buy _____ ticket for the
movie?
12. I'd like _____ cup of coffee please.
13. _____ heir received all the money.
14. That's _____ original story.
15. Could I have _____ orange juice instead?
16. He wears _____ uniform to school.
17. She made _____ upside-down cake.
18. She has _____ good head on her
shoulders.
19. I'll take _____ hamburger and fries
please.
20. It's _____ honour to meet you.
Underline the correct word
I'm reading [ a book – book – an book ]
about European history at the moment.
2 An elephant is [ animal – an animal – a
animal ] from India or Africa.
3 An elephant is [ a large animal – an
large animal – large animal ] from India
or Africa.
4 What's the Nile? It's [ an river – a
river – river ] in Africa.
5 Do you like [ football – a football – the
football ] ?
6 I had [ rice – the rice – rice ] for dinner yesterday.
7 I usually have [ a milk – milk – the milk
] in my tea.
8 My father bought [ new television – a new
television ] at the weekend.
9 What do British people usually have for [
lunch – a lunch – the lunch ] ?
10 My older brother is [ a teacher –
teacher – the teacher ] in London.
11 My younger brother is [ an engineer – a
engineer – engineer ] in Leeds.
12 The train from Brighton to London takes [
a hour – an hour – hour ] .
13 It was [ interesting – an interesting –
a interesting ] film.
14 It was [ a very interesting – very
interesting – very an interesting ] film.
15 I want to work in a zoo because I love [
animals – an animal – an animals ] .
Write the right article a, an or zero
article.
1. Memory is important for ------------
actor.
2. Hardly ever have ---------------- people
-------------- good memory.
3. Coal is important in ------------ war
and ------------- peace.
4. Is it true that -------------------
playing ----------- computer games is --------- waste of time?
5. Children need -------------- lot of ----------------
love.
6. Iron has been known for -----------------
centuries.
7. Have you bought --------------- iron?
8. The youth don’t like -------------
responsibility.
9. Statues are often made of ----------------
stone.
10. He was hit by --------------- stone.
Adjectives & Comparative & Superlative .
An adjective is used to describe a noun .
Ex . The lion is strong .
The boy is tall .
The field is fertile .
Comparative & Superlative Adjectives .
Comparative
is to compare between two persons , things or sides .
Ex . Sameh is taller than Khalid .
The elephant is bigger than the horse .
Our students are better than the students in the neighbouring school .
Superlative is to prefer one person , thing
, side etc. to others .
The River Nile is the longest river in the
world .
Adam is the tallest boy in the class .
Travel by plane is the most expensive means
of travel .
1-] One-syllable adjectives .
Words are divided into syllables – each
including a vowel sound .
Ex . strong , tall [ one syllable ] , tired
[ two syllables ]
- To compare between two persons , things
or sides ‘ er’ is added to the adjective . This is called ‘comparative’ .
Ex . Ali is stronger than Adel .
-To prefer a person , a thing or a side
etc. to others , ‘est’ is added to the adjective . This is called ‘superlative’
.
Ex . Saad is the strongest boy in the class
.
|
Adjective |
Comparative |
Superlative
|
|
long |
longer
than |
the
longest |
|
tall |
taller
than |
the
tallest |
|
cheap |
cheaper
than |
the
cheapest |
|
cold |
colder
than |
the
coldest |
|
poor |
poorer
than |
the
poorest |
|
short |
shorter
than |
the
shortest |
- Adjectives ending in a vowel before a
final consonant , the last letter is doubled .
|
Adjective |
Comparative |
Superlative
|
|
fat |
fatter
than |
the
fattest |
|
wet |
wetter
than |
the
wettest |
|
Big |
bigger
than |
the
biggest |
|
thin |
thinner
than |
the
thinnest |
|
fit |
fitter
than |
the
fittest |
|
hot |
hotter
than |
the
hottest |
Ex . Hassan is fatter than Shadi . Salem is
the fattest pupil in the class.
- Adjectives ending in ‘y’ not preceded by
a vowel , ‘y] is changed into ‘i’→^' ier^'
iest^'.
|
Adjective |
Comparative |
Superlative |
|
happy |
happier
than |
the
happiest |
|
busy |
busier
than |
the
busiest |
|
lazy |
lazier
than |
the
laziest |
Ex. Alexandria is busier than Port Said ,
but Cairo is the busiest .
2-] Multi-syllabic Adjectives .
Most of the multi-syllabic adjectives end
in [ ed , ing , ful , ive , ic , ant , ent , less , al , ous , ly ] .
Ex . tired , tiring ,excited , exciting ,
interesting , wonderful , careful , expensive , aggressive , terrific ,
fantastic , important , constant , intelligent , existent , careless , hairless
, general , dangerous , generous , friendly .
- To make comparison we use ‘ more +
adjective + than .
Ex . A car is more expensive than a bicycle
.
Football is more exciting than swimming .
- To make superlative we use ‘ the most +
adjective .
Ex . He is the most intelligent boy in the
class .
Football is the most popular game in the world .
|
Adjective |
Comparative |
Superlative |
|
tired |
more tired
than |
the most
tired |
|
exciting |
more
exciting than |
the most
exciting |
|
fantastic |
more
fantastic than |
the most
fantastic |
|
expensive |
more expensive
than |
the most
expensive |
|
generous |
more
generous than |
the most
generous |
The Irregular Adjectives .
|
Adjective |
Comparative |
Superlative |
|
good |
better
than |
the best |
|
bad |
worse than |
the worst |
|
far |
farther [
further] than |
the
farthest [ furthest ] |
|
little |
less than |
the least |
|
much , many |
more than |
the most |
Ex . Aswan is farther from Cairo than Minia
.
Saloum is the farthest town west north of Egypt .
This is the best friend I have ever seen .
That was the worst accident I have ever seen .
Notes :
1-] The most X the least
Ex . Travel by air is the most expensive ,
but travel by sea is the least expensive .
Egypt is one of the most poor countries in the world , but we hope it
will become
one of the most rich countries in the world .
Egypt is also one of the least developed countries and the most corrupt
in the world.
2-] Far from X near to
Ex . The farthest planet from the sun is
Pluto .
Banha is the nearest city to Cairo .
3-] A bit X much , a lot + adjective .
Ex . The box is a bit heavier than the bag
.
The weather is a little bit hotter here .
The chair is a bit more comfortable than the stool .
The car is much more expensive than the bicycle .
Travel by air is a lot more comfortable than by bus .
4-] Less + adjective .
Ex . Noha is less intelligent than her
sister .
5-] as + adjective + as [ equality or similarity ] / not as +
adjective + as .
Ex . Ali is as tall as his brother .
The bicycle is not as fast as the car .
6-]Two comparative adjectives as connectors
:
Comparative adjective + sentence , comparative
adjective + sentence .
Ex . The more you study , the more you get
information .
The more carful you drive , the safer .
The slower you drive , the better .
The higher the mountain , the more dangerous the climb [is] .
7-] Ever , [ present perfect ] + superlative
Ex . He is the funniest boy , I have ever
seen .
Fill in the gaps with the comparative or
superlative forms of the adjectives in brackets to complete the following
sentences in English.
1. Our ----------- research should prove
it. (far)
2. It will be ------------- to remove it
now. (easy)
3. The weather today is ----------------
than it was yesterday. (bad)
4. My ---------------- brother is a lawyer.
(old)
5. Hit it -----------------. (hard)
6. It stank---------------- than you could
imagine. (badly)
7. Who is a ---------------- driver: you or
your wife? (good)
8. Here is a -------------- map. (detailed)
9. Neptune is ------------------ away from
the Sun than Jupiter. (far)
10. Mary cooks ---------------- than I do.
(well)
11. I lost ------------------ than I'd
thought. (little)
12. He treats the boy------------------
than his dog. (badly)
13. I don't want any--------------------------
hints. (far)
14. It is ------------------------ away
than I've expected. (far)
15. John is a --------------------- actor than
I am. (good)
16. This copy is in a ---------------------
condition. (good)
17. I got ---------------------- than
they'd promised. (much)
18. His -------------------------- sister
is ---------------- than his older sister. (young / nice)
19. It took me ------------------- than you
think. (long)
20. I sleep -----------------------------
now. (well)
Complete the sentence using the comparative
form of the adjective. Start with the first noun. Use the comparative form of
the adjective. Mind the example.
1- ] Dan / Harry (young)
.
2- ] French / English (difficult)
.
3- ] Moscow / London (big)
.
4- ] Lisa / Tony (tall)
.
5- ] the black car / the white car (cheap)
.
6- ] Robert / Henry (happy)
.
7- ] dogs / cats (intelligent)
.
8- ] my room / your room (nice)
.
9- ] Tokyo / Paris (busy)
.
10- ] the girls / the boys (quiet)
Exercise 3-
Write the correct forms.
1- ] My father is old than my mother.
2- ] Chinese is difficult than English.
3- ] Jane lives near the city than you.
4- ] The car is bad than we thought.
5- ] Tigers are dangerous than rats.
6- ] Dogs are intelligent than rabbits.
7- ] My uncle is fat than my aunt.
8- ] Cars are expensive than bikes.
9- ] Cakes look delicious than bread.
10- ] My cat is ugly than your dog.
11- ] This man is clever than that one.
12- ] Oranges are good than pizzas.
Adverbs .
Kinds of Adverbs .
1-] Adverbs of time .
They answer the question when an action
happens .
Ex . yesterday , today , tomorrow , now ,
ago etc.
I met my friend yesterday .
2-] Adverbs of place .
They answer where an action happens .
Ex . here , there , up , down etc.
He is standing here .
They sailed down in the river.
The cat climbed up the tree .
3-] Adverbs of frequency .
They answer how often an action happens .
Ex . never , rarely , sometimes ,
frequently , from time to time , often , usually , always .
I usually get up early .
I
never smoke any cigarettes .
4-] Adverbs of degree .
They describe to what extent the verb
happens or the adjective is .
Ex . slightly , fairly , rather , extremely
, a bit , a little bit etc.
The weather is rather cold .
Ali is extremely tall .
I am a bit tired .
5-] Adverbs of manner .
They describe how an action happens or the
manner in which an action happens .
Ex . He drove the car carefully .
Form :
They are formed by adding ‘ly’ to the adjective .
EX. careless + ly = carelessly
extreme + ly = extremely
whole + ly = wholly [ exception ]
- Adjectives ending in ‘le’ , the ‘e’ is
omitted and only ‘y’ is added .
terrible + ly = terribly
horrible + ly = horribly
Irregular adverbs of manner .
Hard , late , early , well , fast .
- Notice the difference between ‘hard’ and
‘hardly’.
Ex . It rains hard . [ adverb of manner ]
It hardly rains . [ It is negative ]
He is always late . He comes to school late .
He is always early . He comes to school early .
He is good at studying . He studies well .
The car is fast . He drives his car fast . He runs fast .
Choose the best answer for each sentence.
1- ] The girls had to finish their work
____________ because the teacher told them to stop.
quickly
quick
2- ] Megan is a very ____________ athlete.
She loves sports.
seriously
serious
3- ] When they heard the bad news, they
were very ____________.
sadly
sad
sadder
4- ] Barbara swims ____________ than Anna
because she has stronger arms.
fast
fastlier
faster
5- ]My teacher said that Warren works
____________ in our class.
harder than
hardly
the hardest
6- ] I wish that I could explain things
____________ my teacher. I always understand what he says in class.
clearly
as clearly as
clear
7- ]I want my children to behave ____________
to every person that they meet.
nicily
nicely
nice
8- ]The group found their hotel
____________ after they bought the map of the city.
easy
easly
easily
9- ]Angelina is a ____________ student. She
is kind and pleasant.
lovely
love
10- ]Do you think you speak English
____________? Yes, of course!
well
good
goodly
11- ]Do you think men drive ____________
women in your country?
dangerously
more dangerously than
more dangerously
12- ]When he was a child, Tony spoke very
____________ and his friends couldn't understand him.
quieter
quietly
quiet
Choose the correct position for the adverb
Q1 - I ..... dancing
often go
go often
Q2 - She ......... in the morning
smokes never
never smokes
Q3 - ......... drink wine at lunchtime
I rarely
rarely I
Q4 - I ........ some gardening at the
weekend if the weather's nice
do usually
usually do
Q5 - He ....... in to work on time
gets hardly ever
hardly ever gets
Q6 - She ....... reading the novel she
started yesterday
already has finished
has already finished
Q7 - ........ not accept this deal
I will definitely
Definitely I will
Q8 - I ......... like fish very much; I can
eat it, but I wouldn't choose it
really don't like
don't really like
Q9 - When we were young, we ......... on
camping holidays to France
went always
always went
Q10 - ....... seen such a mess as his
bedroom
Seldom have I seen
I seldom have seen
Q11 - I ......... be able to make it
tomorrow
won't probably be
probably won't be
Q12 - ......... so insulted
I never have been
I have never been
Q13 - He ........ at all, in fact I'd say
he hates her
He really doesn't like her
He doesn't really like her
Q14 - Hardly ever ..... it.
I do
do I
do I do
Choose the right words: adverb well or
adjective good to complete the following sentences in English.
1- ]One must try to do _____ anything one
does.
good
well
2- ]This is a _____ book.
good
well
3- ]You have done this exercise very _____.
good
well
4- ]What a _____ idea you had.
well
good
5- ]He reads _____.
well
good
6- ]He has obtained a _____ result.
well
good
7- ]You know that I can’t drive _____.
good
well
8- ]He knows the town _____.
well
good
9- ]He knows the town _____.
well
good
10- ]How are you? – I’m very _____ thank
you.
good
well
11- ]She speaks French _____.
good
well
12- ]I know Henry very _____.
well
good
13- ]I like your idea very ______.
well
good
14- ]The trip was _____ organized.
well
good
15-- ]Henry and I are _____ friends.
good
well
16- ]She is a _____ girl.
good
well
Choose the correct answer below to fill the
gap.
1- ] They dance the cha-cha-cha
____________ .
beautiful
beautifully
2-]She planned their trip to Greece very
____________ .
careful
carefully
3- ]Jim painted the kitchen very
____________ .
badly
bad
4- ]She speaks very ____________ .
quietly
quiet
5- ]Turn the stereo down. It's too
____________ .
loud
loudly
6- ] He skipped ____________ down the road
to school.
happily
happy
7- ] He drives too ____________ .
well
fast
8- ]She knows the road ____________ .
good
well
9- ] He plays the guitar ____________ .
terrible
terribly
10- ]We're going camping tomorrow so we
have to get up ____________ .
early
soon
11- ]Andy doesn't often work ____________ .
hardly
hard
12- ]Sometimes our teacher arrives
____________ for class.
lately
late
13- ]I passed my driving test. It seemed
much ______ this time.
easily
easiest
easier
easy
14- ] The film was so ______ that we
couldn't sleep last night.
excited
exciting
excitingly
excite
15- ]Write this report first. It's more
important ______ your other work.
then
as
from
than
16-
]I've got ______ job in the world.
best
the best
the better
a good
17- ]Tom is working very ______ these days.
hardest
harder
hard
hardly
18- ]Our football team didn't play _____ I
expected. I was disappointed.
better
well
as well as
as badly as
19- ]The faster Tom walks, _______.
he gets more tired
he gets tired
more tired
the more tired he gets
20- ]It's getting more ______ to find a
cheap hotel.
and more difficult
hardly
and very difficult
the most difficult
21- ]This cake smells ______!
wonderful
wonderfully
more wonderfully
the most wonderfully
22- ]Sorry we're late. Your house is much
_______ than we thought.
the further
further
the furthest
far
23- ]Could you talk _______? I'm trying to
work.
quiet
quieter than
more quietly
more quiet
24- ]Thank you! That's ______ I've ever
received.
a nice gift
the nicer gift
nicest gift
the nicest gift
25- ]The lunch menu is very short. It's
______ than the dinner menu.
the least varied
less varied
veried
more varied
Choose the right words or expressions to
complete the following sentences in English.
1-]Betty is staying at home. Her cold is a
lot _______ today.
worse
the worst
worst
bad
It's getting more ______ to find a cheap
hotel.
and very difficult
hardly
the most difficult
and more difficult
Sorry we're late. Your house is much
_______ than we thought.
the further
the furthest
further
far
I've got ______ job in the world.
best
a good
the best
the better
Write this report first. It's more
important ______ your other work.
then
from
than
as
The lunch menu is very short. It's ______
than the dinner menu.
the least varied
veried
less varied
more varied
Tom is working very ______ these days.
? hardest
? harder
? hardly
? hard
The film was so ______ that we couldn't
sleep last night.
? excite
? excitingly
? excited
? exciting
Our football team didn't play _____ I
expected. I was disappointed.
? as
badly as
? as well as
? better
? well
The faster Tom walks, _______.
? more tired
? he gets tired
? the more tired he gets
? he gets more tired
This cake smells ______!
? more wonderfully
? wonderful
? the most wonderfully
? wonderfully
I passed my driving test. It seemed much
______ this time.
? easier
? easily
? easy
? easiest
Q1. She's
such a ..... dancer.
good
well
Q2. He
passed his test ......
easy
easily
Q3. She
is a very ..... worker.
slow
slowly
Q4. My
mother speaks ..... German.
perfect
perfectly
Q5. It
was raining very ......
heavy
heavily
Q6. We'll
have an accident if you don't drive more ......
careful
carefully
Q7. I've
never seen her dance so ......
good
well
Q8. I
am ..... sure that I am right.
real
really
Q9. Can
you speak more ....., please?
loud
loudly
Q10. Please
be ...... I'm trying to read.
quiet
quietly
Q11. That
was a ..... thing to say.
stupid
stupidly
Q12. She
was smiling ......
happy
happily
Q13. You
were very ..... to lose the game.
unlucky
unluckily
Q14. This
soup tastes ......
good
well
Q15. He
smiled at me ......
friendly
in
a friendly way
Q16. She
looked at me ......
calm
calmly
Q17. She
looked ....., but I'm sure she was feeling very nervous.
calm
calmly
Q18. You
always work very ......
hard
hardly
Q19. She
often comes ..... to class.
late
lately
Q20. I
did really ..... in the mathematics test.
bad
badly
Q21. I'm
..... sorry I'm late.
extreme
extremely
Q22. She
is a very ..... girl.
good-looking
well-looking
Q23. He
has a very ..... job.
good-paid
well-paid
Q24. You
are ..... right.
absolute
absolutely
Q25. She
can run ..... than me.
quicker
more
quickly
A reflexive pronoun shows that the action
in a sentence affects the person or thing that does the action .
Ex . He burned himself .[ the action
affected the person who did the action ]
Form :
Singular :
I → myself . He → himself . She → herself . It → itself . You →
yourself .
Plural : We → ourselves . They → themselves
. You → yourselves .
Uses :
1-] When the object is the same as the
subject .
Ex . She saw herself in the mirror .
He hurt himself .
2-] Emphasis .
Ex. I drove the car myself .
My mother cooked the food herself .
I helped my friend himself .
3-] To express ‘with no help’ , ‘on his
own’ or ‘alone .
Ex . I repaired the bicycle myself . [ with
no help ]
I did the homework myself . [ on my own ]
She stayed at home by herself . [ alone ]
4-]With expressions or idioms .
Ex . Enjoy yourself .
Help yourself to the cake .
Behave yourself [ yourselves ].
Make yourself at home . [ behave as if you are in your house ]
5-] They are not used after ‘prepositions’
and some verbs .
Ex .
get up ,worry .
I get up at six o’clock .
I never worry about my children at school .
I put the book next to me .
He had the money with him .
Exercise 1
1. Tom cut --------------------- while he
was shaving this morning.
2. We really enjoyed -----------------------
very much.
3. I repaired my bike
-------------------------.
4. Why don't you clean the windows --------------------?
5. Jack and I intoduced ------------------------
to our new neighbour.
6. He decided to repair his bike -------------------
.
7. They looked at ---------------------------.
8. The film --------------------- wasn't
very good, but I liked the music.
9. The old woman sat at the park bench
talking to ---------------------.
10.Let's paint the house
----------------------------.
11.Did you write it
----------------------------?
12.She locked the door
-----------------------------.
13.The children cleaned their room ---------------------.
14.Ann backed the cake --------------------------.
15.The cat caught the mouse ----------------------.
Fill in each blank with the correct
reflexive pronoun:
1. You can’t do this for me - I have to do it--------------
2. Why doesn’t she do it ----------------?
3. He saw ----------------- in the mirror.
4. We can’t do this -----------------.
5. They don’t like ----------------.
6. Are you going to the mall by-------------------?
7. She likes to think of ----------------------
as a good person.
8. I can’t see ---------------------- doing that.
9. They talk about ------------------- all
the time.
10. You don’t respect --------------
. Type the
correct word in the boxes below.
[ myself yourself himself herself itself yourselves ourselves themselves ]
1.The cat nearly killed ---------------------
when it ran across the road.
2.I enjoyed -------------------- at the
party.
3.He always looks at --------------- in the
mirror.
4.We helped ------------------- to the
coffee.
5.The woman accidentally hurt ----------------------
with the knife.
6.The children enjoyed ------------------
at the beach.
7.The two of you shouldn't do that. You'll
hurt -------------- .
8.He paid for ---------------------- .
9.Some people only think about ---------------------
.
10.She didn't tell him. I told him-------------------
Choose the correct answer.
Q1 - I hurt ____ playing football.
me
myself
Q2 - She hurt ____.
him
himself
Q3 - I cut ____ shaving.
me
myself
Q4 - Do you mind if I take ____ home now?
me
myself
Q5 - I helped ____ to some food.
me
myself
Q6 - I wanted to do it ____.
me
myself
Q7 - He's so ill he can't dress ____.
him
himself
Q8 - She took it upon ____ to organize
everything.
her
herself
Q9 - The decision is fine by ____.
me
myself
Q10 - He helped ____ do it.
me
myself
Write the correct word in the boxes below.
[ myself yourself himself herself itself yourselves ourselves themselves
]
1.I went to the supermarket by ----------------
.
2.Harry lives by ------------------------ .
3.Anna had dinner at the restaurant by -----------------------
.
4.You shouldn't go there by -----------------------
.
5.We will build the house by----------------------------
.
6.The dog came home by --------------------------
.
7.They went on a holiday by ----------------------
.
8.I don't like eating by -----------------------------
.
9.She cooked the dinner all by -------------------------
.
10.Did the two of you do this by ---------------------------
?
The Reported Speech [ Direct & Indirect Speech ]
The direct speech :
It is the speech told directly or face to
face speech .
Ex . He says to his son , “You must study
hard this year to get high marks .”
The indirect speech :
It is the speech that is reported or said
by someone [s] .
Ex . He tells [ advises ] his son that he
must study hard that year to get high marks .
How to change from direct speech into
indirect speech :
1-] Statement .
1-] ‘say to’ / ‘says to’ → tell , tells [
no change in tenses ]
2-] ‘said to’ → told [ advised , denied ,
warned etc. ] [ tenses are changed ]
3-] Join with ‘that’ .
4-] Changing the pronouns to comply with
the speaker and the spoken to .
I → he , she . my → his , her . me → him ,
her . mine → his , hers .
We → they
. our → their . us → them . ours → theirs .
5-] Changing the tenses .
- The present simple → The past simple .
- The past simple , the present perfect
→The past perfect .
- The simple future [ will + infinitive ] →
Future in the past [ would + infinitive
].
- The present continuous → The past
continuous .
- The modals are changed into the past .
Can → could / shall → should / may → might
/ must , have to , has to → had to .
6-] Changing some adverbs and the
demonstrative .
Now → then , here → there , this →that ,
these → those , today → that day , tonight → that night , yesterday →
the day before , ago → before , tomorrow → the next [coming] day , next
→ the following , the coming .
Ex . She said to her friend ,” We will
travel tomorrow .”
She told her friend that they would travel the next [ coming ] day .
He says to the class , “ You have to bring your books tomorrow .”
He tells the class that they have to bring their books the next [ coming
] day .
They said , “ We visited France last week . We enjoyed ourselves .”
They said that they had visited France the week before and added that
they had
enjoyed themselves .
Note :
We do not make changes in the tenses in the
following cases :
1-] When the sentence begins with ‘say’ /
‘says’ / ‘tell’ / ‘tells’ etc. [ in the present simple ] .
Ex . He says to his friend , “ I will
travel tomorrow .”
He tells his friend that he will travel the next day .
2-] When the sentence expresses a fact .
Ex . She said , “ The earth goes round the
sun .”
She said that the earth goes round the sun .
3-] The second and the third conditional
sentences [ wish , if only ] .
Ex .- He said , “ If I knew , I would visit
you .”
He said that if he knew , he would visit him .
- He said , “ If I had known , I would have visited you .”
He said that if he had known , he would have visited him .
- He said , “ I wish I could fly.”
He said that he wished he could fly .”
- He said , “ If only I knew , I would come .”
He said that if only he knew , he would come .
4-] When something has already been said or
from a very short time [ just , already , soon etc. ]
Ex . He said just now , “ I shall leave at
six o’clock .”
He said just now that he shall leave at six o’clock .
2-] Interrogative [Question ] .
Changing the direct question into reported
speech or interrogative sentence:
1-] ‘Say’ , ‘say to’ → ask , inquire ,
wonder , advise , warn etc. .
2-] Join with ‘if’ or ‘whether’ in case of
‘Yes , no question’ .
- With the same question words , in case of ‘Wh questions’ or questions
beginning with question words .
3-] Changing the question into interrogative
sentence or statement by putting the subject at the beginning .
4-] We make the other changes as before [
tenses , pronouns, demonstratives , adverbs].
Ex . - She said to her son , “ Did you buy
the vegetables ?”
She asked her son if [ whether ] he had bought the vegetables .
- He said to his father , “ When will you visit the museum ?”
He asked his father when he would visit the museum .
3-] Imperative [ Order ] .
Changing the imperative sentence :
1-] Changing ‘say to’ → tell , advise , ask
etc. .
‘said’ → told ,
advised , asked etc. .
2-] Join with ‘to’[ affirmative or positive
imperative ] ‘not to’ [ negative imperative ] .
Ex . The teacher said to the students
,”Give me your notebooks , please .”
The teacher asked [ told ] the students to give him their notebooks .
The mother said to her child , “ Don’t play in the street .”
The mother told [ advised her child not to play in the street .
Exercises
A sentence has been given in direct speech.
Out of the four alternatives, select the one which best expresses the same
sentence in indirect speech.
1. Rahul asked me, ‘Did you see the cricket
match on TV last night?’
Rahul asked me if I had seen the cricket
match on TV the previous night.
Rahul asked me if I saw the cricket match
on TV the previous night.
Rahul asked me did I see the cricket match
on TV last night.
Rahul asked me whether I had seen the
cricket match on TV last night.
2. James said to his mother, ‘I am leaving
for New York tomorrow.’
James told his mother that he was leaving
for New York tomorrow.
James told his mother he is leaving for New
York tomorrow.
James told his mother that he was leaving
for New York the next day.
James told his mother he would be leaving
for New York the next day.
3. I said to him, ‘Why don’t you work
hard?’
I asked him why didn’t you work hard.
I asked him why he didn’t work hard.
I asked him why he wouldn’t work hard.
I asked him why he wasn’t working hard.
4. He said to her, ‘What a hot day!’
He exclaimed sorrowfully that it was hot
day.
He told her that it was a hot day.
He exclaimed that it was a hot day.
He said that it was a hot day.
5. The priest said, ‘Be quiet and listen to
my words.’
The priest said them to be quiet and listen
to his words.
The priest told them that they should be
quiet and listen to his words.
The priest urged them to be quiet and to
listen to his words.
The priest said they should be quiet and
listen to him.
Complete the reported speech sentences. Do
not use any contractions (I'm, he'd, she's etc.)
Full stops are not necessary.
1- ] 'I'll call you tomorrow.'
She said she ______________________________
.
2- ] 'Sally went home early.'
He told me ______________________ .
3- ] 'We've been waiting for an hour.'
He said _________________________ for an
hour.
4- ] 'I had been expecting her to call.'
He told me he_____________________ her to
call .
5- ] 'We're going to London next week.'
She said _____________________________ .
6- ] 'At the time of the accident the train
was travelling at about 20 kph.'
He told the inquiry that at the time of the
accident the train________________ at about 20 kph.
7- ] 'I might go to the party.'
She said she ______________ .
8- ] 'We can do the work by next Friday.'
They said ______________ .
9- ] 'We will be claiming compensation.'
A spokesperson for the victims told
reporters _______________ compensation.
10- ] 'Have you reported the incident to
Head Office?'
He asked me ________________ the incident to
Head Office.
11- ] 'When are you going to be ready?'
She asked me ____________________ .
12- ] 'What do you think of the proposal?'
We asked her ___________________ of the
proposal.
13- ] 'Where were you this morning?'
The inspector asked Biggs
_________________________ .
14- ] 'Would you act as a witness?'
She asked me ______________________ .
15- ] 'Who told you they've split up?'
She wanted to know ______________________ .
Choose the correct answer
Q1 - I have no idea ____.
where she's
where she is
where is she
Q2 - Could you tell me ____ gone?
where she's
where is she
where has she
Q3 - I asked them where ____ going.
were they
they were
Q4 - Can you tell me how much ____ cost?
will it
it will
Q5 - Do you have any idea how long ____ me
to do it?
did it take
it took
took it
Q6 - Has she told you whether ____ help?
will she
she will
Q7 - Can you explain why ____ so expensive?
is it
it's
Q8 - She asked me where ____ from.
do I come
come I
I come
Q9 - I was wondering why ____ take the
train; it'll be quicker.
don't we
we don't
Q10 - Can you remember _____?
what did she say
what she said
Complete the sentences in reported speech.
1- ]John said, "I love this
town."
John said
2- ] "Do you like soccer ?" He
asked me.
He asked me
3- ] "I can't drive a lorry," he
said.
He said
4- ] "Be nice to your brother,"
he said.
He asked me
5- ] "Don't be nasty," he said.
He urged me
6- ] "Don't waste your money" she
said.
She told the boys
7- ] "What have you decided to
do?" she asked him.
She asked him
8- ] "I always wake up early," he
said.
He said
9- ] "You should revise your
lessons," he said.
He advised the students
10- ] "Where have you been?" he
asked me.
He wanted to know
Modal Verbs [Modals ].
Modal verbs or modals are used to express
different language functions .
1- ] Ability .
Can , could , ‘be + able to’ ‘manage to’ .
Can [ present ] , could [ past ] +
infinitive .
Ex . I can swim . I can play football
. [ present ]
I could swim and I could play football , when I was a child .
‘Be able to + infinitive’ ‘manage to +
infinitive’ .
They are also used to express ability , but
not as a certain activity or skill . They express ability to do a certain task
or job .
Ex . The mechanic was able [ managed ] to
repair my car .
I managed to fix my computer .
2-] Possibility .
May / could / might .
May , could , might [ present ]
Ex . He is absent . He may [ could , might
] be ill .
May , could , might + have + past
participle [ past ]
Ex . He was absent . He may [ could , might
] have been ill .
3-] Probability .
Should , ought to .
Should , ought to + infinitive [ present ]
.
Ex . He should be early . [ probability ]
He should pass the exam . [ probability ]
Should
, ought to + have + past participle [ past ] .
Ex . He should have come yesterday . [ We
don’t know . ]
4-] Deduction .
Must , can’t .
Must , can’t + infinitive [ present ,
future ] .
Ex .
He is absent . He must be ill .
He is present . He can’t be ill .
Must , can’t + have + past participle [
past ] .
Ex . He was absent . He must have been ill
.
He was present . He can’t have been ill .
5-] Permission .
Can / May [ informal ] / Could [ formal ] .
Ex . Can / May I go to the park , please ?
Could I go to the toilet , please ?
6-] Request .
Can ….. / Will ….? [ informal ] / Could ../
Would…/ May ..? [ formal , polite].
Ex . Can [ Will ] you help me do my
homework ? [ informal ]
Could [ Would ] you pass the salt , please ? [ formal ‘polite’ ]
7-] Offer .
Will you …. / Can I .../ Could I …. /Shall
I ….
Ex . Will you have a drink ?
Can I help you carry the bag ?
Shall I carry the bag for you ?
8-] Suggestion .
Shall , Can , Could …..?
Ex . Shall we go to the park ?
We can go to the park .
We could go the park . [ polite ]
9-] Advice .
Shall / should / had better .
Asking for advice .
Ex . Shall I go on a diet ?
Should I go on a diet ?
Giving advice .
Ex . You should [ ought to ] go on a diet .
You shouldn’t [ oughtn’t to ] have lied to your father .
You had better go on a diet .
10-] Necessity / Obligation .
Must / have to , has to / need .
Ex . You must [ have to ] come early .
You had to travel yesterday .
You must obey your parents . [
obligation ]
Your car needs washing . [ necessity ]
11-] Lack of necessity .
Don’t have to / haven’t got to / don’t need
to / needn’t .
Don’t have to / haven’t got to / don’t need
to / needn’t [ present ].
Ex . The door is open . we don’t need to
have a key .
You don’t have to go to Ali . He is coming now .
Didn’t have to / hadn’t got to / didn’t
need to / needn’t + have + past participle [past] .
Ex . You needn’t have bought a book . I’ve
got one .
You didn’t have to buy sugar .
We have a lot .
Correct the answer
1. I'm not really sure where Beverly is.
She [ might ] in the living room, or perhaps she's in the backyard.
2. Danny [ must ] the video we rented on his way to work. It was
on the table, but now it's gone.
3. You [ ought to ] the air pressure in your tires. You don't want
to get a flat tire on your trip.
4. The computer isn't working. It [ must ]
damaged during production.
5. The package [ should ] tomorrow afternoon. It was sent by express
mail this morning.
6. You [ have to ] book the tickets for the
play in advance - they sell out quickly.
7. You can't mean that! You [ must ] joke .
8. If Debbie hasn't come home yet, she [
must still ] wait for us in the coffee shop.
9. Mike decided not to join us for lunch.
He [ have to ] stay at work to finish the marketing report.
10. If I had gone with my friends to
Jamaica, I would lie ] on a white sand
beach right now.
11. If I had gone with my friends to
Jamaica, I [ would ] come to work this
week.
12. If I had gone with my friends to
Jamaica, I [ could take ] scuba diving
lessons.
13. Margaret agreed to meet us at the
entrance to the theater. She [ ought to wait ] for us when we get there.
14. It [ might / should / ought to ] Sam who called and didn't leave a message on
the answering machine. He said he wanted to get together with us this weekend.
15. The machine [ can turn ] on by flipping
this switch.
16. She [ might / could / have to cry ] . That could have been why her eyes were
so red and swollen.
17. If she was crying, she [ shall / would
/ must be ] very upset.
18. That painting [ might paint ] by
Picasso. It could be a forgery.
19. Your diving equipment [ must clean ]
regularly if you want to keep it in good condition.
20. If I hadn't taken a taxi, I [ might /
have to / ought to wait ] for you at the
train station for hours.
Modals of Ability 2 - Can, Could, Be able
to, May, Might
Use the best modal to complete each
sentence; use a negative form when necessary.
1. ------------- I borrow your pencil?
Thanks!
2. James and Sara were so sad because they --------------------
go to their brother's wedding. They were too sick.
3. The students -----------------------
understand the instructions for the test yesterday, so many of them failed.
4. A: We have a big problem. What------------------
we do? B: I don't know. Maybe we
ask
our boss for help.
5. When Tina was a child, she ---------------------
speak three languages: French, Arabic and English. She rarely practised French,
so she ---------------------- speak it anymore.
6. I'm sorry. I ---------------------- hear
you. Please speak more loudly.
7. My little brother ---------------------------
play piano and guitar.
8. Excuse me. ----------------- I ask you a
question?
9. A:What are you going to do on the
weekend? B: I'm not sure yet. We --------------- go to a movie or we ---------------------
stay home and relax.
10. I ----------------------------- go to
school tomorrow because I'm feeling sick right now. I'm not sure.
An English exercise to help practise when
you need must and when you need needn't.
1. I ------------------ tidy up my room but
I -------------- tidy up my sister's room.
2. The girls ----------------- be home
early but they ------------------ be home by midnight.
3. Children in Germany ---------------------
go to school but they -------------- stay there all day long.
4. I ----------------- do my homework now
but I ------------- learn my French vocabulary.
5. We ----------------- start to pack the
parcels this afternoon but we ------------- pack them all until tomorrow.
6. You ---------------------- scream but
you ----------------------- talk clearly.
7. You ---------------------- give me this
book back again but you ---------------- give it me back this week.
8. John ---------------- go to football
training but he ------------------ play in the match at the weekend.
9. The doctor said I -------------------
stay in bed but I ------------------- stay at home.
10. You ---------------- listen carefully
to me when I speak but you -------------------- write everything down.
Choose the best form:
1. You ___ get in without a ticket – not a
chance.
may not
can't
2. In Spain, boys ___ do military service.
must not
don't have to
3. I promise I ___ stop smoking.
stop
will stop
4. He's not answering the phone. He ___
have got home yet.
ought
can't
5. You absolutely ___ go and see Jenny.
must
should
6. We ___ decide to go to Germany again for
Easter.
may
can
7. I think you ___ try to relax more.
must
should
Choose one of the following to complete the
sentences.
[ Must have - Might have - Should have -
Can't have ]
1. John ---------------- gone on holiday. I
saw him this morning downtown.
2. Nobody answered the phone at the clinic.
It --------------- closed early.
3. I ------------------- revised more for
my exams. I think I'll fail!
4. Sarah looks really pleased with herself.
She ----------------- passed her driving test this morning.
5. I didn't know you were going to Phil's
party yesterday. You ------------------ told me!
6. I can't believe Jim hasn't arrived yet.
He ------------------ caught the wrong train.
7. I can't believe Jim hasn't arrived yet.
He ----------------- caught the correct train.
8. Don't lie to me that you were ill
yesterday. You ---------------- been ill - Don said you were at the ice hockey
match last night.
9. I don't know where they went on holiday
but they bought Euros before they left so they-------------
gone
to France or Germany.
10. His number was busy all night - he -----------------
been on the phone continuously for hours.
11. It ------------------ been Mickey I saw
at the party. He didn't recognise me at all.
Choose the correct answer
1- ] Erica must ___ gone out. I can't see
her.
have
could
has
2- ]He looks tired. He might have ___ awake
all night.
could
an
has
been
3- ] I think James must have ___ all the
milk. There's none left.
drank
drink
drunk
drinking
4- ] Look at Lilly's suntan. She must have
___ somewhere hot on vacation.
going
gone
goes
go
5- ] She's late. She may have ___ the wrong
road.
taked
took
taken
has
Write the correct modal verb into the box.
[ can
couldn't have to might must
ought to shouldn't was able ]
1- ] It's very cold today. Do you think it----------------snow
later?
2- ] You---------------leave your door unlocked
when you go out.
3- ] They-------------have filled the car
with petrol before they set off.
4- ] My motorbike broke down in the middle of
nowhere, but luckily I-------------to fix it.
5- ] Mum says we ----------------watch TV after
we've finished our homework.
6- ] -------------pick me up at the
station. I can get a taxi.
7- ] This is impossible, it-----------------be
a mistake!
8- ] Jim----------------have seen me because he
walked past without saying 'Hello'.
General Grammar Test
1- ] Juan___________ in the library this
morning.
is study
studying
is studying
are studying
2- ] Alicia, __________ the windows please.
It's too hot in here.
opens
open
opened
will opened
3- ] The movie was __________ the book.
as
as good
good as
as good as
4- ] Eli's hobbies include jogging,
swimming, and __________.
to climb mountains
climb mountains
to climb
climbing mountains
5- ] Mr. Hawkins requests that someone
_________ the data by fax immediately.
sent
sends
send
to send
6- ] Who is ____________, Maria or Nancy ?
tallest
tall
taller
the tallest
7- [The concert will begin ________ fifteen
minutes.
in
on
with
about
8- ] I have only a ________ Christmas cards
left to write.
few
fewer
less
little
9- ]Each of the Olympic athletes
____________ for months, even years.
have been training
were training
has been training
been training
10- ] Maria __________ never late for work.
am
are
were
is
11- ]The company will upgrade _________
computer information systems next month.
there
their
it's
its
12- ] Cheryl likes apples, _________ she
does not like oranges.
so
for
but
or
13- ]You were ____________ the New York
office before 2 p.m.
suppose call
supposed to call
supposed calling
supposed call
14- ] When I graduate from college next
June, I _____________ a student here for five years.
will have been
have been
has been
will have
15- ]Ms. Gary _________ rather not invest
that money in the stock market.
has to
could
would
must
Level Test
Choose the correct option
1. All my life...
A. I
loved going to the movies
B. I
have loved to go to the movies
C.
I've loved going to the movies
2. There you are!
A. I
have waited for ages
B. I
have been waiting for ages
C. I
waited for ages
3. He's had his car...
A.
when he passed his driving test
B.
since he passed his driving test
C.
as he passed his driving test
4. I don't think Tokyo...
A.
is as dangerous like London
B.
is so dangerous as London
C.
is as dangerous as London
5. A. He looks just as his father
B.
He looks just like his father
C.
He looks just after his father
6. A. Your birthday's next month, isn't it?
B.
Your birthday will be next month, won't it?
C.
Your birthday is going to be next month, isn't it?
7. A. The doctor said it was nothing to
worry about
B.
The doctor said its nothing. Don't worry
C.
The doctor said it isn't something to worry about
8. A. I can't imagine why he said that
B. I
might imagine why he said that
C. I
don't imagine why he said that
9. A. The painting sold for three thousand
euros
B.
The painting was sold for three thousand euros
C.
The painting was being sold for three thousand euros
10. I have never been...
A.
such embarrassed
B.
so embarrassed
C.
such an embarrassed
... in all my life!
11. ... Richard, it seems he finally made
his decision
A. Had spoken to
B.
Having spoken to
C.
Speaking to
Fill in the appropriate verb to form the
expression
[ form – cut – save – break –read – play –
keep – fit –lay – take – form – make ]
1. To ------------ an opinion.
2. To ------------------ allowances.
3. To ------------------------ precautions.
4. To ----------------------- time.
5. To ---------------------- a tooth.
6. To -------------------- between the lines.
7. To ------------------------------- a leg.
8. To ------------------------ truant.
9. To ---------------------- a vacancy.
10. To ------------------------- the table.
11. To
a company.
12. To ------------------ house.
C. Choose the appropriate Preposition
1. It was
really nice [ for – to – with –
of ] you to invite me.
2. The house has been [ by – to – on – in ]
the market for a while.
3. I'm not very good [ with – on – at – for
] maths.
4. You are [ to – with – under – on ] no obligation to go.
5. He is [ at – in – on – to ] charge of the whole department.
6. Robert is an authority [ in – on – over
– at ] English literature.
7. You must be responsible [ of – to – by –
for ] your decisions.
8. I'm very concerned [ against – with -
about – for ] his smoking.
9. Could you deal [ for – with – from – on
] this problem later, please?
10. I want to protest [ over – about – on –
of ] the state of the building.
Level Test
Choose the correct option
1. A. He told he wasn't feeling well
B.
He said he doesn't feeling well
C.
He said he wasn't feeling well
2. A. We won't know how to do after we get
the results
B.
When we get the results we won't know what to do
C.
We won't know what to do until we get the results
3. A. If you wouldn't tell me, I'll scream!
B.
If you don't tell me, I'll scream!
C.
If you didn't tell me, I'll scream!
4. A. He's probably lost her number
B.
He's lost her number, probably
C.
Probably, he's lost her number
5. A. I'll only tell you, if you can keep a
secret
B.
If you can keep a secret, I would tell you
C.
you can't keep a secret, if I did tell you
6. A. What do you think we'll be doing in
five years' time?
B.
What do you think you're doing in five years' time?
C.
What do you think we do in five years' time?
7. A. I didn't do that if I were you
B. I
wouldn't do that if I were you
C. I
wouldn't do that if I was you
8. A. I usually to live in Paris, but now I
live in Madrid
B. I
used to live in Paris, but now I live in Madrid
C. I
am used to live in Paris, but now I live in Madrid
9. A. This time tomorrow, I am in Tokyo
B.
This time tomorrow, I am being in Tokyo
C.
This time tomorrow, I will be in Tokyo
10. A. You didn't use to smoke, did you?
B.
You usen't to smoke, did you?
C.
You aren't used to smoke, did you?
11. A. He looked tired, because he had
travelled all day
B.
He looked tired, because he had been travelling all day
C.
He looked tired, because he had travelling all day
12. A. Sarah is working on something done!
B.
Sarah is having some work done!
C.
Sarah is doing work done!
13. A. You must have drink something!
B.
You must have drinking!
C.
You must have been drinking!
14. A. She's so nice a woman!
B.
She' s such a nice woman!
C.
She's a so nice woman!
15. A. I was told the party was next Friday
B. I
told the party was next Friday
C.
told them the party was next Friday
Confusing words
1. I've [ met – known ] him since I was a little girl.
2. He [ told – said ] us that he would be here later.
3. We met when we were [ doing – making ] an exam.
4. It doesn't [ mind – matter ] if we arrive a bit late.
5. They [ won – earned ] a lot of money in the Lottery.
6. Do you see the man [ carrying – wearing
] the dark glasses?
7. [ Remember – Remind ] me to take an umbrella when I leave.
8. I suddenly [ realized – noticed ] that she was wearing my green jacket.
9. He spends all his time [ avoiding –
preventing ] me, because he owes me
money.
10. We are [ expecting – hoping ] some visitors this weekend.
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