Composition & Essay Writing .[ 28 ]

28- ] Composition & Essay Writing .

23-] Cleanliness .

                            Cleanliness is the absence of dirt and contaminants to oneself and others with the purposes of health and beauty . It includes hygiene and sanitation . Hygiene is the study and practice of cleanliness as a way of maintaining good health and preventing disease . Sanitation is the systems that protect people’s health , especially those that dispose efficiently of sewage .

                           Personal hygiene pertains to hygiene practices performed by an individual to care for one’s body , health and well being through cleanliness . Motivations for personal hygiene practice include reduction of personal illness , healing from personal illness , optimal health and sense of well being , social acceptance and prevention of spread of illness to others .

                          Personal hygiene practices include seeing a doctor , seeing a dentist , regular washing [ bathing or showering ] of the body , regular hand washing , brushing and flossing of teeth , basic manicure and pedicure , feminine hygiene and healthy eating . Personal grooming extends personal hygiene as it pertains to maintenance of a good personal and public appearance which need not necessarily be hygienic . Personal hygiene is achieved by using personal hygiene products including soda , hair shampoo , hair conditioner , tooth brushes , tooth paste , cotton swabs , deodorant , cream , chopstick , lotion , nail clippers , razors , toilet paper etc. Other personal hygiene and grooming products can be used to improve health and well being .

                            Public hygiene includes public behaviors individuals can take to improve their personal health and wellness . Topics include public transportation , food preparation and public washroom use . These are steps individuals can take themselves . Examples include avoiding crowded subways during the flu season , using gloves when touching handrails and opening doors in public malls as well as going to clean restaurants .

                          Since the 7^th century Islam has always placed a strong emphasis on hygiene . Other than the need to be ritually clean in time for daily prayer ] Salat ] through ablution [ Wudu ] and Ghusl [ washing or bathing ] , there is a large number of other hygiene-related rules governing the lives of Muslims . Other issues include the Islamic dietary laws . In general the Holy Quran and Sunna [ Prophet’s tradition ] advise Muslims to uphold high standards of physical hygiene and to be ritually clean whenever possible .

                        The Early Christian leaders in Europe condemned bathing as unspiritual . Medieval church authorities believed that public bathing created an environment open to immorality and disease . Roman Catholic Church officials even banned public bathing . Modern sanitation as we know it was not widely adopted until the 19^th and 20^th centuries .

                            Nowadays there is a concept called [ public health ] strongly related to cleanliness and is one of its purposes . It is the science and art of preventing disease , prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society organizations , public and private communities and individuals . It is concerned with threats to the overall health of a community based on population health analysis . The two distinct characteristics of public health are 1-] It deals with preventive rather than curative aspects of health . 2-] It deals with population level rather than individual level health issues . In brief the goal of public health is to improve lives through the prevention and treatment of disease .

 

24-] Cairo’s Underground Metro .

                    Cairo’s underground metro in Egypt is Africa’s only full-fledged

Metro system . The system consists of two operational lines with the construction that has begun on a third line in 2006 . The two lines carry around 700 million passengers a year and an average 2 million per day . The third line has partially been completed to parts of Heliopolis [ till 2015 ] .

                     Because of Cairo’s high population and density a better transportation system was needed . The transportation power of Cairo was before the metro 20.000 passenger per hour which jumped after the metro to 60.000 passengers per hour . The need of more trips resulted in 50 % increase in the number of taxis which in turn resulted in a higher crowding density on the streets and more pollution . A study was made about the needed capacity in 1990 for the transportation power which showed the need of 8.400 million trips a day for public transportation like buses and 2.770 million trips a day for other transportation systems like taxis and cars. The actual available capacity for public transportation is 4.872 million trips a day which is 3.5 million trips less than the needed capacity .

                    Cairo’s Metro Line 1 is the first of the Cairo’s Metro . The construction of the line started in 1982 and finished in 1989 with a cost of 973.5 million EGP . The line connects Helwan with ElMarg passing other 32 stations and is 22 km long with 4.5 km underground . It carries 60.000 passengers per hour in each direction .

                      Cairo’s Metro Line 2 is the second Line of Cairo’s Metro from Shoubra-ElKeima to Cairo University with an extension to Giza extending 21. 5 km with 20 stations . It was extended to El-Mounib .

                      Cairo’s metro Line 3 [ under construction till 2015 ] extends from the north-west of Cairo at Imbaba to the north-east at Heliopolis and will eventually serve Cairo International Airport . The total length of the line is approximately 30 kilometers .

                      A transportation study of the Greater Cairo region was completed in 1999 . It recommended the implementation of a six line system . The completed Metro Network would be capable of serving most of the densely populated areas in the Greater Cairo region which was much in need of a comprehensive mass transit system . The plans include interchange stations between six metro lines . The six planned metro lines aim to meet the transportation demands of the Greater Cairo area up to the year 2022 . However, the actual construction and implementation schedule will be restricted by available funding and it is likely that the timetable will slip . The Cairo’s Underground Metro will be a protective shield against pollution and a source of pride for Egypt .